Table 3.
Health characteristics of subjects with and without stroke, MMSE < 18, or a history of Parkinson’s disease or cancer
| Characteristic | Without n = 471 (77.1) | With n = 140 (22.9) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||
| Sex | ||
| Male, n (%) | 127 (27.0) | 97 (69.3) |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 77.3 ± 5.8 | 79.4 ± 6.3 |
| Mortality** | 109 (23.1) | 56 (40.0) |
| Medical problems | ||
| Cardiovascular diseases, n (%): | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 371 (78.8) | 113 (80.7) |
| Myocardial infarction | 52 (11.0) | 25 (17.9) |
| Arterial fibrillation | 147 (31.2) | 37 (26.4) |
| Multimorbidity, n (%)**: | ||
| 0–3 | 418 (88.7) | 108 (77.1) |
| 4–5 | 51 (10.8) | 29 (20.7) |
| 6–10 | 2 (0.4) | 3 (2.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 28.9 ± 5.0 | 27.4 ± 4.5 |
| MNA** | ||
| < 17 “Malnourished” | 4 (0.8) | 7 (5.0) |
| 17–23.5 “At risk of malnutrition” | 79 (16.8) | 27 (19.3) |
| > 23.5 “Normal nutritional status” | 388 (82.4) | 106 (75.7) |
| GDS-15 score >5, n (%)** | 142 (30.1) | 67 (47.9) |
| SPBB score, mean ± SD | 8 ± 3.2 | 7 ± 3.6 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 90 (19.1) | 27 (19.3) |
| FEV1 < LLN, n (%) | 70 (14.9) | 19 (13.6) |
| eGFR (MDRD) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 82 (17.4) | 33 (23.6) |
| Components of the Fried model | ||
| Weight loss, n (%) | 61 (13.0) | 24 (17.1) |
| Weakness, n (%)** | 81 (17.2) | 41 (29.3) |
| Poor endurance and energy, n (%)** | 288 (61.1) | 99 (70.7) |
| Slowness, n (%) | 115 (24.4) | 32 (22.9) |
| Low physical activity level, n (%) | 191 (40.6) | 83 (59.3) |
| Frailty categories according to Fried model, n (%)** | ||
| Robust | 72 (15.6) | 19 (14.0) |
| Pre-frail | 299 (64.9) | 72 (52.9) |
| Frail | 90 (19.5) | 45 (33.1) |
| Components of Puts model (Index) | ||
| Low body weight, n (%) | 59 (12.6) | 23 (16.5) |
| Low peak expiratory flow, n (%) | 86 (18.5) | 31 (22.3) |
| Poor cognition, n (%) | 134 (28.5) | 77 (55.0) |
| Vision problem, n (%) | 170 (36.1) | 57 (40.7) |
| Hearing problem, n (%) | 125 (26.5) | 37 (26.4) |
| Incontinence, n (%) | 190 (40.3) | 60 (42.9) |
| Low mastery, n (%) | 99 (21.3) | 32 (23.9) |
| Depressive symptoms, n (%)** | 200 (42.5) | 82 (58.6) |
| Comorbidity, n (%)** | 135 (28.7) | 71 (50.7) |
| Frailty categories according to Puts model, n (%)** | ||
| Robust | 74 (16.1) | 8 (6.0) |
| Pre–frail | 175 (38.1) | 40 (30.1) |
| Frail | 210 (45.8) | 85 (63.9) |
| Categories of frailty according to Steverink-Slaets model, n (%)** | ||
| Robust | 213 (45.6) | 45 (32,4) |
| Pre–frail | 116 (24.8) | 34 (24.5) |
| Frail | 138 (29.6) | 60 (43.2) |
Differences between the groups of participants were compared using Student’s t test (for continuous variables) or chi-squared tests (for categorical variables)
BMI body mass index, MNA mini nutritional assessment, GDS-15 geriatric depression scale 15 items, SPPB short physical performance battery, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, LLN lower limit of normal, MDRD The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula
**p < 0.05