Table 1.
Baseline demographic and smoking characteristics, according to treatment group
| Characteristic | Usual care (n=1206) | Proactive outreach (n=1200) | Total (n=2406) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Insurance programme | |||
| Medicaid | 878 (72.8%) | 871 (72.6%) | 1749 (72.7%) |
| MinnesotaCare | 328 (27.2%) | 329 (27.4%) | 657 (27.3%) |
| Gender (female) | 853 (70.7%) | 846 (70.5%) | 1699 (70.6%) |
| Age category | |||
| 18–24 | 249 (20.7%) | 247 (20.6%) | 496 (20.6%) |
| 25–34 | 414 (34.3%) | 410 (34.2%) | 824 (34.3%) |
| 35–64 | 543 (45.0%) | 543 (45.3%) | 1086 (45.1%) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 944 (78.3%) | 941 (78.4%) | 1885 (78.4%) |
| Black | 122 (10.1%) | 134 (11.2%) | 256 (10.6%) |
| American Indian | 87 (7.2%) | 80 (6.7%) | 167 (6.9%) |
| Hispanic | 19 (1.6%) | 23 (1.9%) | 42 (1.8%) |
| Asian | 34 (2.8%) | 22 (1.8%) | 56 (2.3%) |
| Education | |||
| Grade 11/lower | 156 (13.2%) | 166 (14.1%) | 322 (13.7%) |
| HS grad/GED | 383 (32.5%) | 398 (33.9%) | 781 (33.2%) |
| Some college | 487 (41.3%) | 490 (41.7%) | 977 (41.5%) |
| College grad/higher | 154 (13.1%) | 120 (10.2%) | 274 (11.6%) |
| Employment | |||
| Employed/self-employed | 608 (51.2%) | 598 (51.0%) | 1206 (51.1%) |
| Student | 75 (6.3%) | 87 (7.4%) | 162 (6.9%) |
| Out of work | 154 (13.0%) | 153 (13.0%) | 307 (13.0%) |
| Unable to work/disabled | 276 (23.2%) | 277 (23.6%) | 553 (23.4%) |
| Homemaker | 75 (6.3%) | 58 (4.9%) | 133 (5.6%) |
| Yearly income | |||
| Less than $10k | 427 (36.9%) | 430 (37.7%) | 857 (37.3%) |
| $10 001 to $20k | 345 (29.8%) | 375 (32.9%) | 720 (31.4%) |
| $20 001 to $40k | 259 (22.4%) | 233 (20.4%) | 492 (21.4%) |
| More than $40k | 125 (10.8%) | 103 (9.0%) | 228 (9.9%) |
| Child in home | 665 (56.2%) | 651 (55.6%) | 1316 (55.9%) |
| Smoking | |||
| Cigarettes/day | 13.8 (9.1) | 13.4 (9.2) | 13.6 (9.2) |
| Time until first cigarette (min) | |||
| ≤5 | 321 (26.6%) | 296 (24.7%) | 617 (25.6%) |
| 6–30 | 536 (44.4%) | 538 (44.8%) | 1074 (44.6%) |
| ≥30 | 349 (28.9%) | 366 (30.5%) | 715 (29.7%) |
| Cigarette type | |||
| Menthol | 450 (37.5%) | 442 (37.1%) | 892 (37.3%) |
| Non-menthol | 750 (62.5%) | 751 (63.0%) | 1501 (62.7%) |
| Motivation to quit | 6.3 (2.8) | 6.3 (2.9) | 6.3 (2.9) |
| Quit attempt (past year) | 643 (54.0%) | 644 (54.6%) | 1287 (54.3%) |
| Treatment used (past year) | |||
| Counselling only | 10 (0.8%) | 9 (0.8%) | 19 (0.8%) |
| Medication only | 325 (27.0%) | 337 (28.1%) | 662 (27.5%) |
| Both | 33 (2.7%) | 38 (3.2%) | 71 (3.0%) |
| Neither | 838 (69.5%) | 816 (68.0%) | 1654 (68.7%) |
Data are number (%) or mean (SD). Motivation to quit assessed using the contemplation ladder which asked participants to indicate their readiness to quit on a scale from 0 to 10, with higher values indicative of greater readiness to quit.24 A value of 0 corresponds with the statement, ‘No thought of quitting’, a value of 5 corresponds with the statement, ‘Think I should quit but not quite ready’ and a value of 10 corresponds with the statement, ‘Taking action to quit’ (eg, cutting down, enrolling in a programme). GED, General Educational Development; grad, graduation; HS, High school.