Table 5.
Mean annual costs per person by multimorbidity group
| Total study sample | 2 or more chronic conditions | 1 chronic condition | No chronic conditions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare services | Cost (95 % CI) | Cost (95 % CI) | Cost (95 % CI) | Cost (95 % CI) |
| Direct Medical Care | S$3,962 (3152, 4771)* | S$5,652 (4285, 7019) | S$2,998 (1662, 4334) | S$911 (674, 1147) |
| Intermediate and Long-Term Care | S$430 (218, 641)* | S$559 (223, 895) | S$333 (−38, 704) | S$231 (−73, 535) |
| Travelling | S$94 (74, 113)* | S$131 (97, 165) | S$66 (41, 90) | S$36 (19, 53) |
| Accompanying | S$240 (200, 280)* | S$325 (254, 397) | S$181 (134, 228) | S$102 (73, 131) |
| Total healthcare cost | S$4,725 (3866, 5584)* | S$6,667 (5220, 8115) | S$3,578 (2165, 4991) | S$1,279 (876, 1683) |
| ADL | S$1,293 (972, 1614)* | S$2,054 (1456, 2652) | S$495 (269, 721) | S$471 (145, 797) |
| IADL | S$1,381 (1020, 1743)* | S$2,211 (1531, 2892) | S$593 (326, 859) | S$363 (173, 553) |
| Unpaid Care | S$3,936 (2842, 5030)* | S$6,421 (4342, 8499) | S$1,415 (830, 2000) | S$1,132 (530, 1734) |
| Paid Care | S$1,316 (1103, 1530)* | S$2,060 (1663, 2456) | S$617 (388, 845) | S$395 (193, 596) |
| Total social care cost | S$5,253 (4084, 6421)* | S$8,480 (6263, 10697) | S$2,032 (1345, 2719) | S$1,527 (839, 2214) |
| Total societal cost | S$9,977 (8339, 11615)* | S$15,148 (12154, 18141) | S$5,610 (3884, 7335) | S$2,806 (1952, 3660) |
ADL Activities of Daily Living
IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
*p-value <0.05