Table 7.

Predictors of total costs based on generalised linear regression with gamma distribution

	Societal costs					Healthcare costs
Independent variables	Exp. coeff	95 % CI		p-value	Association with total costs	Exp. coeff	95 % CI		p-value	Association with total costs
Total number of morbidities	1.67	1.50	1.86	0.001	67 %	1.53	1.38	1.70	0.001	53 %
Age Group
60–74 years	Ref.					Ref.
75–84 years	1.79	1.25	2.58	0.002	79 %	1.48	1.01	2.19	0.046	48 %
85+ years	5.27	3.50	7.91	0.001	427 %	3.61	2.16	6.03	0.001	261 %
Gender
Male	Ref.					Ref.
Female	0.97	0.62	1.53	0.902	−3 %	0.98	0.64	1.51	0.933	−2 %
Ethnicity
Chinese	Ref.					Ref.
Malay	1.27	0.92	1.76	0.144	27 %	0.94	0.66	1.34	0.729	−6 %
Indian	1.36	1.01	1.84	0.045	36 %	1.20	0.85	1.69	0.310	20 %
Others	3.14	0.99	9.95	0.052	214 %	4.28	1.22	15.01	0.023	328 %
Marital Status
Never married	Ref.					Ref.
Married/Cohabiting	0.78	0.32	1.94	0.599	−22 %	1.00	0.36	2.77	0.993	0 %
Widowed	0.82	0.34	1.99	0.656	−18 %	0.83	0.30	2.34	0.727	−17 %
Divorced/Separated	0.58	0.20	1.63	0.300	−42 %	0.64	0.22	1.83	0.406	−36 %
Education
None	Ref.					Ref.
Some (did not complete primary)	0.71	0.51	0.99	0.041	−29 %	0.79	0.55	1.15	0.215	−21 %
Completed primary	1.15	0.70	1.89	0.588	15 %	1.34	0.81	2.22	0.261	34 %
Completed secondary	1.60	0.88	2.89	0.121	60 %	1.72	0.99	3.01	0.055	72 %
Completed tertiary	1.19	0.72	1.97	0.495	19 %	1.37	0.80	2.35	0.251	37 %
Employment status
Paid work (part-time and full-time)	Ref.					Ref.
Unemployed	0.76	0.28	2.03	0.582	−24 %	0.89	0.30	2.66	0.833	−11 %
Homemaker	1.62	0.89	2.96	0.118	62 %	0.93	0.56	1.53	0.767	−7 %
Retired	2.39	1.44	3.96	0.001	139 %	1.33	0.82	2.18	0.251	33 %
Constant	1,493	583	3,826	0.001	-	1,251	425	3,685	0.001	-
Goodness of fit indices
Adjusted R square	0.072					0.018
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)	4263.57					4040.45
Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)	1346065					1124374