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Representative images of confluent cells stained for actin (red) and the cell nuclei (blue). (A) PEEK, (B) smooth titanium, and (C) rough, acid-etched endoskeleton surface, after 7-day culture. The cells on PEEK and smooth titanium demonstrate an elongated morphology in a uniform direction, whereas cells on the acid-etched endoskeleton surface demonstrate a branched random morphology. Scale bar indicating 200 μm applies to (A–C).
