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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 3.
Published in final edited form as: Anal Chem. 2016 Apr 14;88(9):4584–4599. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04772

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Design of CF-SPN for detection of ROS and RNS. (a) Molecular components of CF-SPN are the NIR fluorescent semiconducting polymer PFODBT, a PEG-grafted poly(styrene) copolymer conjugated to galactose for hepatocyte targeting (PS-g-PEG-Gal), the H2O2-specific chemiluminescent substrate CPPO that serves as CRET energy donor, and the FRET acceptor IR775S that degrades after oxidation by ONOO– or –OCl (dark green). PFODBT serves as the CRET energy acceptor and the FRET energy donor. (b) Illustration of the mechanism of simultaneous and differential detection of ONOO– or –OCl and H2O2 by CF-SPN. After drug challenge to the liver, CF-SPN report via the chemiluminescent and fluorescent channels the generation of radical metabolites at safe (left) and toxic (right) drug doses. (c) Hydrodynamic diameter distribution of CF-SPN, determined by dynamic light scattering; A.U., arbitrary units. (d) Transmission electron micrograph of CF-SPNs. Reprinted by permission from Shuhendler, A. J.; Pu, K.; Cui, L. et al. Nat. Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 373–382 (ref 44), copyright Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2014.