Table 3.

Summary of endoscopic therapies for esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage

Treatment modality	Comment
Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVBL)	Therapy of choice for EV, and GOV1, alternate for non-GOV1 Primary hemostasis: 71-100% Rebleeding: 3-36% Complications: overall (2-23%), band ulcers (2.6-7.3%), stricture formation (2%), chest pain
Endoscopic variceal obturation (EVO)	Therapy of choice for fundic varices (GOV2 and IGV1) Primary hemostasis: > 90% Rebleeding: ~15% Complications: distant emboli (0.7%), sepsis (1.3%), ulcer formation (0.1%), fever, abdominal pain, chances of scope damage
Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS)	Second line therapy for both esophageal and gastric varices Primary hemostasis: 60-100% Rebleeding: 5-10% in EV, 37-89% in GV(half caused by therapy induced ulcers) Complications: chest pain (10%), ulcers and perforation (20-60%), strictures up to 40%,
Detachable snare	No controlled studies Small uncontrolled studies show as effective as band ligation
Thrombin/Fibrin injection	Primary hemostasis: up to 92% Rebleeding: believed minimal as won't cause ulcers Complications: anaphylactic reactions, infection risk, high cost No controlled studies to date
Hemostatic spray	No controlled studies, Potential role as a rescue agent when primary modality fail Potential complications include allergic reactions, embolization, small bowel obstructions from foreign body impaction
Esophageal stent	Hemostasis: 80-90% Potential role as a rescue agent when primary modality fail in place of balloon tamponade No controlled studies

EVBL, endoscopic variceal ligation, EVO, endoscopic variceal obturation, EIS, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, EV, esophageal varices, GV, gastric varices, GOV1, gastroesophageal varices type 1, GOV2, gastroesophageal varices type 2, IGV1, isolated gastric varices type 1