Table 1. Phenotypic characteristics.
| HUMAN | Healthy | Pre-diabetes | Type 2 diabetes |
| Age (yrs) | 48±3 | 52±2 | 53±2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25±1 | 34±1* | 33±2* |
| Fasting glucose (mM) | 5.2±0.2 | 6.1±0.2 | 11.2±1.6* |
| OGTT 2hrs (mM) | 4.9±0.5 | 8.2±0.4 | 20.4±1.4* |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 4.0±0.5 | 11.2±2.0** | 12.8±1.8** |
| HOMA-IR | 1.0±0.1 | 3.4±0.7* | 6.2±1.3** |
| RAT | Control | High fat | p-value |
| Body weight (g) | 773±38 | 782±69 | 0.91 |
| Glucose (mM) | 6.35±0.38 | 7.35±1.24 | 0.38 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 40.0±2.5 | 56.2±6.1 | 0.02 |
| HOMA-IR | 11.4±0.9 | 18.9±4.68 | 0.09 |
Data were obtained from healthy volunteers (n = 5), or patients with pre-diabetes (n = 5) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 6) and from rat offspring of control (n = 4) or high fat (n = 6) dams at 1 year of age. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. P-values were determined using 1-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc tests for human data (*p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs healthy), or Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate for rat data. BMI: body mass index, OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test.