Table 1. Characteristics of surveyed households and micronutrient status of children 6–59 months of age and women of reproductive age, by national and urban/rural residence, Sierra Leone 2013.
| Characteristic | % / mean a | 95%CI b |
|---|---|---|
| Households (n = 1,363) | ||
| Residence | ||
| Rural, % | 60.4 | (59.5, 61.3) |
| Urban, % | 39.6 | (38.7, 40.5) |
| Region | ||
| East, % | 22.7 | (13.4, 35.9) |
| North, % | 33.4 | (22.1, 46.9) |
| South, % | 25.7 | (15.8, 39.0) |
| West, % | 18.2 | (10.8, 28.9) |
| Household size | ||
| Mean | 6.8 | (6.45, 7.21) |
| Median | 5.5 | - |
| Sex of head of household | ||
| Male, % | 72.7 | (69.2, 75.9) |
| Female, % | 27.3 | (24.1, 30.8) |
| Education of head of household number | ||
| None, % | 59.2 | (54.5, 63.7) |
| Primary school or less, % | 11.1 | (9.3, 13.2) |
| Secondary or above, % | 29.7 | (25.5, 34.3) |
| Use of cooking fuel c | ||
| Clean, % | 0.2 | (0.1, 0.5) |
| Natural, % | 99.8 | (99.5, 99.9) |
| Drinking water quality | ||
| Safe, % | 76.5 | (66.3, 84.4) |
| Unsafe, % | 23.5 | (15.6, 33.7) |
| Household sanitation | ||
| Improved, % | 37.8 | (31.4, 44.8) |
| Unimproved, % | 62.2 | (55.2, 68.6) |
| Children—micronutrient, inflammation, and malaria status (n = 710 d) | ||
| Hemoglobin status | ||
| Hemoglobin (Hb; g/L), Mean, SD | 9.72 (SD: 1.57) | (9.52, 9.92) |
| Anemia, % | 76.3 | (71.8, 80.4) |
| Iron status | ||
| Ferritin, adjusted (μg/L), Median (IQR) | 48.6 | (26.1, 87.8) |
| Iron deficiency†, % | 5.2 | (3.3, 8.1) |
| Iron deficiency anemia, % | 3.8 | (2.5, 5.8) |
| Vitamin A status | ||
| RBP, adjusted (μmol/l), Mean, SD | 0.99 (SD: 0.35) | (0.96, 1.02) |
| Vitamin A deficiency, % | 17.4 | (13.9, 21.6) |
| Inflammation | ||
| CRP (mg/L), Mean, SD | 12.31 (SD: 18.38) | (10.31, 14.31) |
| AGP (g/L), Mean, SD | 1.32 (SD: 0.51) | (1.26, 1.38) |
| Incubation, % | 2.8 | (1.6, 4.8) |
| Early convalescence, % | 41.2 | (36.3, 46.3) |
| Late convalescence, % | 28.3 | (24.4, 32.6) |
| None, % | 27.7 | (23.3, 32.6) |
| Plasmodium falciparum, % | 52.6 | (46.0, 59.0) |
| Non-pregnant women 15–49 years—micronutrient, inflammation, and malaria status (n = 871 e) | ||
| Hemoglobin status | ||
| Hemoglobin (Hb; g/L), Mean, SD | 12.0 (SD: 1.51) | (11.8, 12.1) |
| Anemia, % | 44.8 | (40.1, 49.5) |
| Iron status | ||
| Ferritin, adjusted (μg/L), Median (IQR) | 42.6 | (24.2, 73.2) |
| Iron deficiency, adjusted, % | 8.3 | (6.2, 11.1) |
| Iron deficiency anemia, adjusted, % | 6.1 | (4.4, 8.6) |
| Vitamin A status | ||
| RBP, adjusted (μmol/L), Mean, SD | 1.45 (SD: 0.51) | (1.40, 1.51) |
| Vitamin A deficiency, adjusted, % | 1.8 | (1.1, 3.1) |
| Vitamin A insufficiency, adjusted, % | 19.0 | (15.6, 22.9) |
| Folate & vitamin B12 status | ||
| Plasma folate (ηmol/L), Mean, SD | 8.6 (SD: 5.1) | (8.1, 9.2) |
| Folate deficiency, % | 79.2 | (74.1, 83.5) |
| Plasma B12 (pmol/L), Mean, SD | 556.2 (SD: 262.9) | (521.3, 591.0) |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency, % | 0.5 | (0.2, 1.4) |
| Inflammation | ||
| CRP (mg/L), Mean, SD | 3.85 (SD: 9.75) | (3.12, 4.57) |
| AGP (g/L), Mean, SD | 0.78 (SD: 0.28) | (0.76, 0.80) |
| Incubation, % | 7.3 | (5.5, 9.6) |
| Early convalescence, % | 9.2 | (6.9, 12.1) |
| Late convalescence, % | 7.2 | (5.5, 9.2) |
| None, % | 76.4 | (72.7, 79.6) |
| Plasmodium falciparum, % | 35.1 | (30.1, 40.4) |
a Percentages weighted for unequal probability of selection.
b CI = confidence interval, calculated taking into account the complex sampling design.
c Clean cooking fuel = liquefied petroleum gas, biogas; Natural cooking fuels = wood, charcoal, coal/lignite, straw/shrubs/grass.
d Sample size varies by analyte due to volume of blood collected from child.
Hb = 710; Malaria status = 723; ID-adjusted = 654; vitamin A deficiency = 654; CRP & AGP = 654.
e Sample size varies slightly by analyte due to volume of blood collected from women.
Hb = 871; Malaria status = 833; ID = 774; vitamin A deficiency/insufficiency = 774; plasma folate = 776; plasma B12 = 768; CRP & AGP = 774.