FIG 1.

Experimental protocol. Four groups of experimental animals were included in the coinfection study: (i) animals infected with S. mansoni cercariae only (Schisto only); (ii) animals infected with schistosomiasis, followed by treatment with praziquantel (PZQ) and later infected with P. knowlesi (Schisto/PZQ+Pk); (iii) animals infected with S. mansoni (without PZQ treatment), followed by P. knowlesi infection (Schisto+Pk); and (iv) animals infected with P. knowlesi only (Pk only). Animals with a schistosome infection were treated with iron supplementation (Fe) between 8 and 10 weeks after schistosome infection.