FIG 6.

Increased spontaneous IL-6 production is associated with active schistosomiasis infection and correlates with reduced risk of fatal malaria. IL-6 production in unstimulated PBMC cultures before S. mansoni infection (BSI), before malaria infection (BMI), and after P. knowlesi infection (AMI) was measured in culture supernatants from individual animals. (A) Cytokine production was compared between the different groups of animals. (B) Animals were grouped according to whether they succumbed to severe malaria (dead; AMI, 7 to 13 days after P. knowlesi infection) or recovered (survived; AMI, 23 days after P. knowlesi infection). The two groups were compared using a Student t test of log-transformed values.