Table 3.

sMRI-based studying of the ASD at adolescence.

Rf	Autistic group			Control group			sMRI	Brain regions	Data analysis	Findings
	Age, y	IQ	Size	Age, y	IQ	Size
Waiter et al., 2004	13–18	FSIQ: 80–122	16 m	14–17	FSIQ: 81–118	16 m	1.5 T; 1.6 mm	TBV; GM, WM volumes	VBM; ANCOVA; t-test; SPM2	Increased GM volume in right fusiform gyrus, right temporal occipital region, and left frontal pole; decreased GM volume in right thalamus
Chung et al., 2004	11–21	–	16 m	14–20	–	12 m	3 T; 1.2 mm	WM density	VBM; GLM; SPM99+ GMM for segmentation	Lesser WM concentration in genu, rostrum, and splenium (also in CC due to hypoplasia, rather than atrophy)
Lotspeich et al., 2004	LFA: 10–14, HFA: 10–16, ASP: 10–15	LFA: 36–56, HFA: 86–124, ASP: 84–124	LFA: 13 m, HFA: 18 m, ASP: 21 m	10–15	101–125	21 m	1.5 T; 1.5 mm	CGM	RBV; ANOVA; BrainImage5.X (semi-automated segmentation)	HFA and LFA: Increased CGM w.r.t. controls (for ASP: intermediate between HFA and controls, yet insignificant)
Kwon et al., 2004	HFA: 11–17, ASP: 11–16	–	HFA: 9 m, ASP: 11 m	11–17	–	13 m	3 T; 1.5 mm	GM density	VBM; t-test; SPM99	HFA and ASP: decreased GM density in right inferior temporal gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and right rostral tip of fusiform gyrus
Waiter et al., 2005	13–17	FSIQ: 78–123	15 m	14–17	FSIQ: 81–118	16 m	1.5 T; 1.6 mm	GM and WM volumes, TBV	VBM; ANCOVA; SPM2	Decreased WM volume in CC, left middle temporal, right middle frontal, and left superior frontal gyri
Hazlett et al., 2006	15–24	52–136	23 m	18–26	91–113	15 m	1.5 T; 1.5 mm	CGM and CWM volumes	RBV; RMML + BRAINS2 for tissue classification	Increased total cerebral and GM volume in AD brains with disproportionately increased left-sided GM volume; enlarged volumes of frontal and temporal, but not parietal or occipital lobes
Bonilha et al., 2008	8–16	–	12 m	8–18	–	16 m	2 T; 1 mm	GM, WM of cortical lobes, cerebellum, and claustrum	VBM; t-test + SPM5 for tissue segmentation	Increased GM volume in medial and dorsolateral frontal areas; lateral and medial parts of temporal lobes, and cerebellum and claustrum of parietal lobes; decreased WM volume in frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
Hua et al., 2013	10–14 t1, 13–17 t2	FSIQ: 75–121	13 m	10–15 t1, 13–18 t2	FSIQ: 105–131	7 m	1.5 T; 1.2 mm	WM, frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes	RBV; longitudinal; BSE; Brainsuite	Decelerated WM growth in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes; abnormally accelerated GM expansion in putamen and anterior cingulate cortex
Wallace et al., 2015	15–20 t1, 17–22 t2	FSIQ: 104–130	17 m	16–19 t1, 18–22 t2	FSIQ: 106–126	18 m	3 T; 1.2 mm	Cortex	Area measurements; longitudinal; LS GLM; FreeSurfer5.1	Accelerated cortical thinning in AD brains w.r.t. controls in two areas of the left hemisphere: the posterior portion of ventral temporal cortex and superior parietal cortex (only in t2 in late adolescents and young adults)

Additional abbreviations: f, females; m, males; Rf, reference; t1, t2, time periods; w.r.t., with respect to;

T, MRI magnetic field strength (tesla); y, year; CGM, cortical GM; CWM, cortical WM; GLM, general linear model;

ANOVA, analysis of variances; ANCOVA, analysis of covariances; CC, corpus callossum;

GMM, Gaussian mixture model; LS, least squares; RMML, repeated measures mixed model;

BrainImage, BRAINS2, Brainsuite, BSE, FreeSurfer, SPM – data processing packages.