Figure 1.

Predicted effect sizes (mean and 95% confidence interval, CI, at right) for (A) constraint‐MA (slower growth in groups with experimentally increased oxidative damage and/or reduced antioxidant defenses) and (B) cost‐MA (greater oxidative damage and/or lower antioxidant defenses in the experimental group with faster growth). A: a positive effect size indicates increased OS is associated with reduced growth. Separate effect sizes are given for each experimental manipulation, as the effect size differed significantly between these. B: a positive effect size indicates increased growth is associated with increased OS. As the effect size differed significantly between biomarkers of OS, separate effect sizes are given for each biomarker. When the CI does not include zero, the effect size is significant. “n” is number of studies (number of effect sizes). OS, Oxidative stress.