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. 2015 Dec 1;7:29–35. doi: 10.2147/JEP.S63549

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© 2015 Nguyen et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License.

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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Ahr roles in RA pathogenesis.

Notes: Cigarette smoke contains several Ahr ligands such as TCDD, 3-MC, and BaP. Ahr activation contributes several aspects of RA pathogenesis: differentiation into Th17 cells from naïve T-cells; inflammation, angiogenesis, and cartilage destruction by producing IL-1, IL-6, VEGF, and MMPs in fibroblasts; production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 in macrophages; and osteoclastogenesis.

Abbreviations: Ahr, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 3-MC, 3-methylcholanthrene; BaP, benzo[a]pyrene; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; IL, interleukin.