Table 5.

Acetyl-carnitine and cognitive function

Reference	Title	Main results	Study type	Patients randomized
Malaguarnera et al39	Acetyl-L-carnitine reduces depression and improves quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy	Acetyl-carnitine improves cognitive functions in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy; it increases energy and wellness and reduces anxiety and depression	Clinical trial, randomized, double-blind	67 patients
Malaguarnera et al40	Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy	Acetyl-carnitine improves cognitive function in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy	Clinical trial, randomized, double-blind	125 patients
Mancuso et al44	Natural antioxidants in Alzheimer’s disease	Authors suggest use of acetyl-carnitine in neurodegenerative disease because it can reduce or block typical neuronal death	Review	NA
Cagnon and Braissant45	Hyperammonemia-induced toxicity for the developing central nervous system	Authors suggest use acetyl-carnitine in hyperammonemia	Meta-analysis	NA
Malaguarnera et al42	Acetyl L-carnitine treatment in elderly patients with fatigue	Acetyl-carnitine reduces fatigue and age-related cognitive deficits	Clinical trial, randomized, double-blind	96 patients
Liu43	Effects and mechanisms of mitochondrial nutrient alpha-lipoic acid on improving age-associated mitochondrial and cognitive dysfunction: an overview	Acetyl-carnitine reduces age-related cognitive deficits	Overview	NA