Table 1.

Mechanisms of OV-induced cell death and immunogenicity

Type of cell death	Immunogenicity
Necrosis	Releases DAMPs and TAAs; induces ICD
Apoptosis	Generally nonimmunogenic
Pyroptosis	Caspase-1-dependent cytokine release; induces ICD
Autophagic cell death	Releases DAMPs; immunogenic

Notes: OVs induce multiple tumor cell death pathways, most of which are also immunogenic. DAMPs and TAAs released from OV-infected cells induce immunogenic cell death.

Abbreviations: DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; ICD, immunogenic cell death; o, oncolytic; OV, oncolytic virus; TAA, tumor-associated antigen.