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. 2016 May 9;10:36. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00036

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Copyright © 2016 Harrison, Pinto, Brock and Dan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dependence of activity on overt punishment and behavioral contingency. (A) Responses to timeout-only punishment during the task (black, top), timeout and air puff during the task (blue, middle), or random air puff outside of the task (green, bottom). Each panel shows calcium traces from five consecutive trials from an example neuron. (B) Changes in ΔF/F (Z-score) in individual ROIs evoked by each form of punishment (color-coded). Black crosses, mean ± SEM. Insets below: ΔF/F traces averaged across all ROIs of each cell type for each form of punishment; Shading, ± SEM.