Table 1.
Posttranslational modifications in human autoimmune diseases
| Type of modification | Antigen(s) | Relevance in autoimmune disease | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Citrullination Methylation Palmitoylation Acetylation Sulfation |
Myelin basis protein (MBP), myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) | Multiple sclerosis | [62, 63] [64, 65] [66, 67] [68, 69] [70] |
| Deamidation | Gluten (gliadin) | Celiac disease | [71, 72] |
| Citrullination Carbamylation Glycosylation |
Vimentin, vinculin, histones, apolipoproteins, fibrinogen, Ig | Rheumatoid arthritis | [73, 74] [75, 76] [75] |
| Deamidation Disulfide bridges Citrullination Oxidative modification |
Preproinsulin, GAD65, collagen type II |
Type 1 diabetes | [5••] [6] [29] [46, 47, 48•, 77] |
| Oxidative modification Sialylation |
Beta2-glycoprotein 1 | Antiphospholipid syndrome | [78, 79] [80] |
| Phosphorylation Deimination |
Cytoplasmic proteins (e.g. Ro/SSA, La/SSB, nucleosomal DNA, histones) | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | [81] [82] [83] |