Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants, overall and stratified by sarcopenia statusa
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 4425) | Distribution of sarcopenia | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [mean (SE) or (%)] | Sarcopenia (N = 1618) | No sarcopenia (N = 2807) | ||
| Age, yrs | 70.1 (0.14) | 73.1 (0.28) | 68.9 (0.15) | <.001 |
| Sex, % | ||||
| Male | 43.5 | 53.3 | 39.4 | <.001 |
| Female | 56.5 | 46.7 | 60.6 | |
| Race, % | .053 | |||
| White | 89.5 | 87.3 | 90.4 | |
| Black | 8.3 | 9.7 | 7.7 | |
| Other | 2.2 | 3.0 | 1.9 | |
| Education, years | ||||
| ≤8 | 23.9 | 33.9 | 19.7 | <.001 |
| 9–11 | 16.7 | 16.2 | 16.9 | |
| 12 | 31.3 | 29.7 | 33.2 | |
| ≥13 | 28.1 | 23.2 | 30.1 | |
| Body mass, kg | 73.7 (0.34) | 67.9 (0.56) | 76.1 (0.41) | <.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| Continuous (mean) | 27.0 (0.10) | 24.7 (0.14) | 27.9 (0.13) | <.001 |
| <18.5 | 2.0 | 4.3 | 1.0 | <.001 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 3.5 | 48.4 | 28.8 | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 39.8 | 37.7 | 40.6 | |
| ≥30 | 23.7 | 9.6 | 29.6 | |
| Waist circumference, cm | ||||
| Continuous (mean) | 96.9 (0.28) | 93.6 (0.47) | 98.3 (0.34) | <.001 |
| ≤88 (women), ≤102 (men) | 42.1 | 54.5 | 37.0 | <.001 |
| >88 (women), >102 (men) | 57.9 | 45.5 | 63.0 | |
| Skeletal muscle mass, kg | 22.9 (0.15) | 21.6 (0.25) | 23.5 (0.18) | <.001 |
| Skeletal muscle index, kg/m2 | 8.3 (0.04) | 7.8 (0.06) | 8.5 (0.05) | <.001 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
| Never | 44.2 | 38.7 | 46.5 | <.001 |
| Former | 40.5 | 41.2 | 40.2 | |
| Current | 15.3 | 20.1 | 13.3 | |
| Comorbid health conditions, % | ||||
| Hypertension | 44.7 | 41.7 | 46.0 | .053 |
| Diabetes | 12.2 | 10.0 | 13.1 | .024 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 40.9 | 37.1 | 42.3 | .047 |
| Asthma | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.1 | .843 |
| Cancer | 8.7 | 11.1 | 7.7 | .006 |
| Arthritis | 44.0 | 45.2 | 43.4 | .440 |
| Heart attack | 10.7 | 13.0 | 9.7 | .014 |
| Stroke | 5.6 | 6.8 | 5.1 | .055 |
| Heart failure | 6.0 | 6.9 | 5.6 | .188 |
| Hospitalization, % | 16.1 | 17.3 | 15.6 | .276 |
| Self‐rated health, % | ||||
| Excellent | 14.1 | 9.3 | 16.0 | <.001 |
| Very Good | 27.7 | 22.7 | 25.5 | |
| Good | 34.3 | 35.0 | 34.1 | |
| Fair | 20.2 | 23.3 | 19.0 | |
| Poor | 6.7 | 9.7 | 5.4 | |
| Healthy eating index | 68.3 (0.29) | 66.8 (0.53) | 69.0 (0.34) | .001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.0 (0.007) | 4.1 (0.012) | 4.0 (0.008) | .304 |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.6 (0.03) | 0.5 (0.02) | .170 |
| Glycated haemoglobin, % | 5.8 (0.02) | 5.7 (0.04) | 5.8 (0.03) | .275 |
| Insulin, pmol/Lb | 4.1 (0.01) | 4.0 (0.02) | 4.1 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Glucose, mmol/Lb | 1.8 (0.005) | 1.7 (0.008) | 1.8 (0.006) | .310 |
| HOMA‐insulin resistanceb | 0.9 (0.02) | 0.8 (0.03) | 1.0 (0.02) | <.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1 (0.006) | 1.2 (0.01) | 1.1 (0.007) | <.001 |
| Weekly walking, (bouts/wk) | ||||
| 0 | 66.7 | 75.8 | 62.9 | <.001 |
| 1–3 | 11.3 | 7.9 | 12.7 | |
| ≥3 | 22.0 | 16.3 | 24.4 | |
| Gait speed, m/s | 0.8 (0.005) | 0.6 (0.006) | 0.9 (0.005) | <.001 |
a
Values are means (standard error) or column percentages (%).
b
Variables were log‐transformed for normality.