Table 2.

Association between sarcopenia and mortality among all participants, and stratified by sex

Mortality outcome	Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)
	Model 1a	P	Model 2b	P	Model 3c	P
All‐cause mortality
All participants	2.03 (1.81–2.28)	<.001	1.40 (1.25–1.57)	<.001	1.29 (1.13–1.47)	<.001
Sex‐specific strata
Males	1.91 (1.63–2.24)	<.001	1.42 (1.21–1.67)	<.001	1.21 (1.01–1.44)	.039
Females	2.04 (1.72–2.42)	<.001	1.37 (1.17–1.61)	<.001	1.42 (1.17–1.72)	<.001
Cardiovascular‐specific mortality
All participants	2.19 (1.86–2.58)	<.001	1.42 (1.20–1.68)	<.001	1.34 (1.10–1.63)	.003
Sex‐specific strata
Males	1.76 (1.39–2.23)	<.001	1.25 (0.98–1.60)	.071	1.07 (0.81–1.40)	.643
Females	2.58 (2.05–3.23)	<.001	1.60 (1.27–2.00)	<.001	1.61 (1.22–2.12)	.001
Cancer‐specific mortality
All participants	1.46 (1.11–1.92)	.007	1.03 (0.77–1.37)	.832	1.07 (0.78–1.48)	.672
Sex‐specific strata
Males	1.58 (1.11–2.24)	.010	1.16 (0.81–1.67)	.415	1.23 (0.81–1.89)	.336
Females	1.12 (0.69–1.82)	.633	0.86 (0.52–1.41)	.539	0.85 (0.48–1.50)	.571
Other causes of mortality
All participants	2.10 (1.76–2.51)	<.001	1.54 (1.27–1.85)	<.001	1.32 (1.07–1.62)	.008
Sex‐specific strata
Males	2.26 (1.77–2.90)	<.001	1.78 (1.36–2.33)	<.001	1.39 (1.05–1.84)	.022
Females	1.84 (1.41–2.41)	<.001	1.32 (1.01–1.72)	.043	1.44 (1.04–2.00)	.026

^aModel 1 is unadjusted (crude).

^bModel 2 is adjusted for age and sex (except in sex‐specific strata).

^cModel 3 is adjusted for age, sex (except in sex‐specific strata), race, education, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, asthma, cancer, arthritis, heart attack, stroke, and heart failure, hospitalization, self‐rated health, healthy eating index, albumin, c‐reactive protein, glycated haemoglobin, insulin (log‐transformed), glucose (log‐transformed), creatinine, and weekly bouts of walking.