Table 1. Clinical characteristics of subjects (n = 303).
| Variables | |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 58.7 ± 14.3 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 170 (56.1%) |
| Classical cardiovascular risk factors | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.9 ± 5.2 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 80 (26.4%) |
| Cardiovascular disease history, n (%) | 41 (13.5%) |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 186 (61.3%) |
| Calcium-channel blocker (%) | 122 (40.2%) |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB (%) | 86 (28.3%) |
| α or β blocker (%) | 31 (10.2%) |
| Diuretic agent (%) | 25 (8.2%) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 187 (61.7%) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 117 (38.6%) |
| LVEF, % | 67.9 ± 7.9 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 79.2 ± 22.0 |
| ln(AHI) | 1.76 ± 1.26 |
| Urinary sodium, mEq/day | 80.2 ± 32.0 |
| Endocirne and Metabolic parameters | |
| Plasma aldosterone, pg/ml | 107.6 ± 61.0 |
| Plasma renin activity, ng/ml/hr | 1.4 ± 1.3 |
| Urinary cortisol, μg/day | 32.7 ± 22.3 |
| HOMA | 1.9 ± 1.6 |
| ln(BDNF), pg/ml | 7.56 ± 0.85 |
| Heart rate variability | |
| ln(SDNN), msec | 4.76 ± 0.29 |
| ln(CVRR), msec | 2.57 ± 0.27 |
| ln(SDANN5), msec | 4.64 ± 0.32 |
| Objective sleep/awake parameters | |
| ln(Sleep efficiency) | 4.48 ± 0.11 |
| ln(Sleep latency) | 2.05 ± 0.67 |
| ln(Time awake after sleep onset) | 3.44 ± 0.91 |
| ln(Wake episoded) | 2.05 ± 0.67 |
| ln(sleep physical acitivity) | 2.80 ± 0.59 |
| ln(Awake physical activity) | 4.91 ± 0.33 |
| ABPM | |
| SBP, mmHg | |
| 24-Hour | 123.1 ± 15.0 |
| Sleep | 116.1 ± 17.7 |
| Awake | 126.4 ± 14.9 |
| DBP, mmHg | |
| 24-Hour | 73.6 ± 8.4 |
| Sleep | 68.5 ± 9.5 |
| Awake | 75.9 ± 8.8 |
| Nocturnal SBP dipping, % | 8.0 ± 8.4 |
Date are presented as mean ± standard deviation and n (%) for dichotomous variables. The parameters of HRV, BDNF, objective sleep disturbances parameters and ambulatory physical activity were natural logarithm-transformed (ln) to achieve normal distribution. ACE nenotes angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receprot blocker, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, AHI apnea hypopnea index, HOMA homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance, BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, SDNN standard deviation of the NN(RR) interval, CVRR coefficient of variation R-R interval, SDANN5 standard deviation of the average of NN intervals for each 5 min period, ABPM ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, SBP systolic blood pressure and DBP diastolic blood pressure