Table 1.
AMPK direct substrates and their phosphorylation sites (those reviewed here are highlighted in bold).
| S. No | Substrate | Residue |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 15 | Ser-80, Ser-1201 and Ser-1216 |
| 2 | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 27 | Ser-221 and other minor phosphorylation site |
| 3 | Glycogen synthase (muscle)3 | Ser-8 |
| 4 | HMG-CoA reductase3 | Ser-872 |
| 5 | Zinc finger transcription factor (AREBP)8 | Ser-470 |
| 6 | Eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF2) kinase4 | Ser-398 |
| 7 | Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)10 | Ser-1177 (in presence of Ca+2/calmodulin) and Thr-495 (in absence of Ca+2/calmodulin) |
| 8 | GLUT4 enhancer factor (GEF)58 | - |
| 9 | Hepatic nuclear factor (HNF4α)12 | Ser-304 and other minor phosphorylation site |
| 10 | Insulin receptor substrate-113 | Ser-789 |
| 11 | p27Kip115 | Thr-198 |
| 12 | Transcriptional coactivator p30016 | Ser-89 |
| 13 | 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK-2)17 | Ser-466 and Ser-483 |
| 14 | Tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2)18 | Thr-1227 and Ser-1345 |
| 15 | Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12C (PPP1R12C)19 | Ser-452 |
| 16 | p21-activated protein kinase (PAK2)19 | Ser-20 |
| 17 | Cardiac troponin I (cTnI)59 | Ser-150 |
| 18 | PIKfyve (FYVE domain-containing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase)60 | Ser-307 |