Table 1.
Demographic and physiologic characteristics by cups of regular coffee consumption (n = 83972).
| Variable | None (n = 37082) | >0–4 cups/day (n = 38867) | 4+ cups/day (n = 8023) | Trend p value1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 63.5 (7.4) | 63.7 (7.3) | 62.8 (7.0) | <0.001 | |||
| Ethnicity | <0.0012 | ||||||
| White | 30570 | 82.4 | 33136 | 85.3 | 7502 | 93.5 | |
| African American | 3641 | 9.8 | 2286 | 5.9 | 149 | 1.9 | |
| Hispanic | 1066 | 2.9 | 1587 | 4.1 | 184 | 2.3 | |
| American Indian | 143 | 0.4 | 161 | 0.4 | 33 | 0.4 | |
| Asian | 1162 | 3.1 | 1165 | 3.0 | 70 | 0.9 | |
| Other/unknown | 500 | 1.3 | 532 | 1.4 | 85 | 1.1 | |
| Education | <0.0013 | ||||||
| ≤high school/GED | 7525 | 20.3 | 8006 | 20.6 | 1858 | 23.2 | |
| School after high school | 13170 | 35.5 | 14318 | 36.8 | 3075 | 38.3 | |
| College degree or higher | 16387 | 44.2 | 16543 | 42.6 | 3090 | 38.5 | |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.0013 | ||||||
| Non-/past drinker | 13329 | 35.9 | 9290 | 23.9 | 1897 | 23.6 | |
| <1 drink/day | 20361 | 54.9 | 23432 | 60.3 | 4798 | 59.8 | |
| ≥1 drink/day | 3392 | 9.1 | 6145 | 15.8 | 1328 | 16.6 | |
| Smoking4 | <0.0015 | ||||||
| Never | 21071 | 56.8 | 18592 | 47.8 | 2917 | 36.4 | |
| Past, <20 pack-years | 9354 | 25.2 | 10762 | 27.7 | 1929 | 24.0 | |
| Past, ≥20 pack-years | 4564 | 12.3 | 6146 | 15.8 | 1656 | 20.6 | |
| Current, <20 pack-years | 575 | 1.6 | 1034 | 2.7 | 364 | 4.5 | |
| Current, ≥20 pack-years | 755 | 2.0 | 1412 | 3.6 | 966 | 12.0 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.3 (6.1) | 27.1 (5.7) | 27.1 (5.6) | <0.001 | |||
| <25 | 15370 | 41.4 | 15975 | 41.1 | 3200 | 39.9 | |
| 25–30 | 12161 | 32.8 | 13553 | 34.9 | 2877 | 35.9 | |
| >30 | 9551 | 25.8 | 9339 | 24.0 | 1946 | 24.3 | |
| Physical activity (MET-hr/wk), mean (SD) | 14.2 (14.6) | 13.6 (14.1) | 13.0 (14.0) | <0.001 | |||
| Energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD) | 1547.1 (592.2) | 1573.0 (592.9) | 1674.0 (636.8) | <0.001 | |||
| Red meat intake (oz.), mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.4) | <0.001 | |||
| Fruit/vegetable intake (cups), mean (SD) | 3.3 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.5) | ||||
| Fiber intake (g), mean (SD) | 16.8 (7.1) | 16.3 (6.9) | 16.5 (6.9) | <0.001 | |||
| Calcium intake (diet + supplements), mean (SD) | 1273.5 (820.8) | 1207.1 (738.4) | 1217.9 (720.2) | <0.001 | |||
| Percentage fat intake, mean (SD) | 29.3 (8.5) | 30.5 (8.3) | 32.1 (8.8) | <0.001 | |||
| <30 | 20858 | 56.2 | 19676 | 50.6 | 3434 | 42.8 | |
| 30–40 | 11937 | 32.2 | 13851 | 35.6 | 2990 | 37.3 | |
| >40 | 4287 | 11.6 | 5340 | 13.7 | 1599 | 19.9 | |
| Menopausal hormone use | 0.0036 | ||||||
| Never | 14804 | 39.9 | 15159 | 39.0 | 3509 | 43.7 | |
| Past | 5537 | 14.9 | 5753 | 14.8 | 1206 | 15.0 | |
| Current, E-Alone | 9535 | 25.7 | 9866 | 25.4 | 1661 | 20.7 | |
| Current, E + P | 7206 | 19.4 | 8089 | 20.8 | 1647 | 20.5 | |
| NSAID use | 12723 | 34.3 | 13639 | 35.1 | 2996 | 37.3 | <0.001 |
| History of treated diabetes | 1702 | 4.6 | 1403 | 3.6 | 226 | 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Family history of Colorectal Cancer | 0.617 | ||||||
| No | 28391 | 76.6 | 29764 | 76.6 | 6090 | 75.9 | |
| Yes | 5624 | 15.2 | 5937 | 15.3 | 1226 | 15.3 | |
| Missing | 3067 | 8.3 | 3166 | 8.1 | 707 | 8.8 | |
1Trend p values based on either a linear regression (continuous variables) or a logistic (dichotomous variables) with the variable of interest as a function of linear coffee level (None = 1, >0–4 = 2, and ≥4 = 3).
2 p value compares White versus non-White.
3 p values use ordinal form of variable of interest.
41842 past and 33 current smokers have missing pack-year data.
5 p value compares current versus never/past smokers.
6 p value compares current versus never/past HT use.
7Trend test does not include participants with missing family history of colorectal cancer.