Table 1.

Etiologies of pancreatitis in children and adolescents

Systemic disease	Cystic fibrosis, Crohns disease, rheumatoid arthritis, hemolytic‐uremic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematous, etc.
Abdominal trauma	Bicycle/car‐accidents, child abuse, sports injuries
Biliary disease	Gallstones, sludge, choledochuscysts, cholangitis
Structural	Pancreas divisum/annulare, common channel syndrome, residual condition after duodenal and pancreatic surgery, duodenal diverticulum, and duodenal duplication
Infections	EBV, Enterovirus, Salmonella, Mononucleosis, Mumps, Mycoplasma, Kawasaki, Coxsackie, Ascaris, Candida, etc.
Medications	L‐Asparaginase, 6‐mercaptopurine, pentamidine, valproic acid, furosemid, 5‐ASA/Salazopyrin, tetracyklins, prednisone, etc.
Metabolic	Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcemia, alfa 1‐antitrypsinbrist, diabetic ketoacidosis, etc.
Genetic (hereditary)	PRSS‐1‐, SPINK‐1‐, CFTR‐, and CFTR‐mutations
Autoimmune pancreatitis
Idiopathic	In some studies up to a third of pediatric patients no cause is determined
Others	Transplantation particularly liver and bone marrow, post‐ERCP and pancreatic, tumors (ex pseudocysts, pancreatoblastoma, and solid pseudopapillary tumor)

EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; 5‐ASA, 5‐aminosalicylic acid; SPINK‐1, serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type‐1; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.