Table 4.

Main nonpancreatic causes of increased pancreatic enzyme levels 1, 2

Amylase		Lipase
Abdominal causes	Nonabdominal causes
Biliary tract disease Intestinal obstruction/ischemia Mesenteric infarction Peptic ulcer Appendicitis Pancreatic cancer Ruptured ectopic pregnancy Prostate disease Ovarian neoplasm Afferent loop obstruction Dissecting aortic aneurysm	Salivary glandSalivary traumaInfection (mumps)Salivary duct obstructionIrradiation ThoracicMyocardial infarctionPulmonary embolismPneumoniaMetastatic lung cancerCardiopulmonary bypassMetabolicDiabetic ketoacidosisDrugsOpiatesPhenylbutazoneTraumaCerebral traumaBurnsRenal diseaseRenal insufficiencyRenal transplantationMacroamylasemia	Pancreatic cancerNonpancreatic abdominal painMacrolipasemiaRenal insufficiencyAcute cholecystitisEsophagitisHypertriglyceridemia