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. 2016 May 12;6:18. doi: 10.1186/s13601-016-0108-9

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© Melnik et al. 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Synoptic working model for milk-induced FoxP3 expression and regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation. The transcription factors FoxO1, FoxO3a, SMAD3 and STAT3 all enhance FoxP3 expression. Milk exosomal microRNAs and TGFβ attenuate DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression promoting TSDR demethylation (AAs: amino acids; ω3-FAs; ω-3 fatty acids; HMO: human milk oligosaccacharides; I: insulin; IGF1: insulin-like growth factor-1; miRs: microRNA-148a, microRNA-29, microRNA-21; mTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; TGFβ: transforming growth factor-β; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TSDR: Treg-specific demethylated region)