Table 2.
Summary of within and between group changes on clinical outcomes
| Outcome Measure | PRT (n = 7) | Control (n = 6) | P (between groups) | Effect Size (95 % CI)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 0 | Week 12 | P | Week 0 | Week 12 | P | |||
| Physiological outcomes | ||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 117.4 (36.6) | 118.9 (35.4) | 0.06 | 86.0 (26.7) | 86.0 (26.8) | 0.77 | 0.01 | 0.49 [0.61,3.83] |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 41.3 (12.5) | 41.7 (12.1) | 0.12 | 33.8 (9.4) | 33.8 (9.4) | N/A | 0.04 | 0.37[0.04,1.20] |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 123.6 (29.0) | 121.5 (29.1) | 0.04 | 95.9 (16.3) | 96.6 (17.2) | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.40b |
| Fat mass (kg) | 58.6 (23.3) | 59.0 (22.7) | 0.50 | 39.6 (18.3) | 40.6 (19.2) | 0.24 | 0.59 | 0.03[-2.96,1.79] |
| Lean mass (kg) | 54.7 (12.5) | 56.0 (11.3) | 0.16 | 43.9 (10.4) | 43.0 (10.0) | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.49b |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 57.4 (13.6) | 58.8 (11.9) | 0.13 | 46.8 (10.8) | 46.0 (10.4) | 0.26 | 0.005 | 0.57b |
| Percent body fat (%) | 49.7 (8.4) | 49.6 (7.6) | 0.84 | 45.2 (10.7) | 46.1 (11.2) | 0.22 | 0.36 | 0.08[-2.66,1.06] |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.3) | 0.037 | 5.1 (0.3) | 5.2 (0.4) | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.39b |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 21 (11) | 20 (12) | 0.49 | 9 (5) | 10 (6) | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.14[-5.50,1.55] |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.7 (0.8) | 4.9 (0.7) | 0.03 | 4.8 (0.4) | 4.9 (0.4) | 0.71 | 0.18 | 0.17[-0.08,0.40] |
| HOMA-2 | 2.62 (1.33) | 2.56 (1.43) | 0.72 | 1.19 (0.64) | 1.24 (0.71) | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.11[-0.65,0.20] |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 8.9 (10.7) | 8.0 (10.8) | 0.38 | 3.6 (5.1) | 3.9 (5.4) | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.09[-3.57,1.41] |
| Testosterone (nmol/L) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.7 (0.5) | 0.38 | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.3) | 0.11 | 0.91 | 0.00[-0.44,0.49] |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 32 (26) | 27 (22) | 0.39 | 47 (25) | 47 (25) | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.13[-22.58,6.50] |
| Free androgen index (%) | 8.6 (7.3) | 9.8 (6.6) | 0.26 | 4.5 (2.7) | 4.7 (2.7) | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.17[-0.82,3.83] |
| Functional outcomes | ||||||||
| Upper body strength | 190.2 (42.5) | 211.5 (52.1) | 0.10 | 141.3 (53.0) | 134 (51.0) | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.33b |
| Lower body strength | 258.7 (67.2) | 313.2 (90.3) | 0.04 | 221.8 (59.5) | 214.8 (64.9) | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.45b |
| Psychological outcomes | ||||||||
| PCOSQ | ||||||||
| Emotions | 4.4 (0.6) | 5.1 (0.5) | 0.02 | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.1 (0.9) | 0.13 | 0.003 | 0.60[0.53,1.95] |
| Body hair | 4.9 (2.0) | 4.5 (1.5) | 0.37 | 4.2 (1.7) | 4.2 (1.9) | 1.0 | 0.58 | 0.03[-1.22,0.71] |
| Weight | 3.3(1.7) | 4.1(1.7) | 0.06 | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.5) | 0.70 | 0.04 | 0.35[0.03,1.796] |
| Infertility problems | 0.9 (0.4) | 3.5 (0.9) | 0.01 | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.9 (1.2) | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.41b |
| Menstrual problems | 4.1 (0.8) | 3.9 (0.9) | 0.52 | 3.0 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.4) | N/A | 0.92 | 0.00[-1.06,0.96] |
| SF-36 | ||||||||
| Physical Functioning | 83.0 (10.4) | 89.3 (12.4) | 0.05 | 94.2 (5.8) | 90.8 (10.7) | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.42b |
| Role Physical | 21.4 (4.9) | 22.3 (3.3) | 0.36 | 17.7 (7.3) | 18.8 (7.9) | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.02[-4.58,6.58] |
| Bodily Pain | 67.3 (20.0) | 65.3 (18.0) | 0.55 | 45.2 (28.3) | 48.8 (22.0) | 0.36 | 0.87 | 0.00[-10.46,9.00] |
| General Health | 49.0 (22.3) | 54.3 (25.2) | 0.27 | 53.3 (14.4) | 49.2 (10.7) | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.20[-3.73,22.58] |
| Vitality | 47.3 (26.2) | 56.2 (21.3) | 0.12 | 35.4 (26.4) | 30.2 (22.9) | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.45b |
| Social Functioning | 75.0 (14.4) | 89.3 (15.2) | 0.08 | 60.4 (18.4) | 52.1 (9.4) | 0.24 | 0.002 | 0.64b |
| Role Emotional | 18.0 (5.8) | 23.0 (4.1) | 0.10 | 9.7 (8.2) | 8.3 (7.5) | 0.36 | 0.009 | 0.51b |
| Mental Health | 71.4 (22.6) | 84.2 (17.2) | 0.06 | 51.7 (20.7) | 46.7 (20.7) | 0.31 | 0.009 | 0.52b |
| DASS-21 | ||||||||
| Depression | 10.8 (6.8) | 5.4 (5.4) | 0.050 | 12.7 (9.6) | 14.7 (9.0) | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.50b |
| Anxiety | 10.3 (5.6) | 7.4 (7.0) | 0.082 | 12.3 (11.2) | 14.3 (10.8) | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.41b |
| Stress | 12.6 (7.9) | 9.7 (9.3) | 0.220 | 21.7 (10.9) | 23.0 (11.2) | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.18 [-11.11,2.25] |
| Exercise Self Efficacy Scale | 29.4 (4.7) | 31.3 (4.2) | 0.095 | 32.5 (5.3) | 30.0 (4.0) | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.37b |
a = parametric between groups effect sizes and their confidence intervals
b = sample size too small to estimate the confidence intervals
Data reported as mean (standard deviation). Abbreviations: HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-2 Homeostatic model of assessment 2, CRP c-reactive protein, SHBG sex hormone binding globulin, PCOSQ Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Questionnaire, SF-36 Medical Outcomes Trust Short Form-36, DASS-21 Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21, Effect size = Cohen’s d