Table 2. Examples of Urinary Biomarkers of Disease Discovered Using NMR-Based Metabolomics in Human Studies.
| condition | comparison | biomarkers | reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| pancreatitis | pancreatitis patients vs controls | citrate | (61) |
| adenosine | |||
| bladder cancer | bladder cancer patients vs controls | hippurate | (62) |
| citrate | |||
| taurine | |||
| hepatoceullar carcinoma | hepatocellular carcinoma v cirrhosis vs noncirrhotic liver disease patients vs controls | inosine | (63) |
| indole-3-acetate | |||
| galactose | |||
| NAA | |||
| pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma vs controls | acetone | (76) |
| hypoxanthine | |||
| o-acetylcarnitine | |||
| dimethylamine | |||
| esophageal cancer | esophageal patients vs controls | urea | (77) |
| acetate | |||
| pantothenate | |||
| 3-hydroxyisovalerate | |||
| acetone | |||
| formate | |||
| gestational diabetes (GDM) | GDM patients vs controls | 3-hydroxyisovalerate | (78) |
| 2-hydroxyisobutyrate | |||
| neonatal health | small vs appropriate for gestational age | glycine | (65) |
| threonine | |||
| neonatal health | intrauterine growth retardation vs controls | myo-inositol | (64) |
| sarcosine | |||
| creatine | |||
| creatinine |