Table 1.
Some of the well-described molecules that facilitate immune clearance and their proposed use in drug delivery and imaging.
| Recognition molecule | Description/mechanism of action | Therapy or imaging applications | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Danger-associated molecules | Urate crystals | [93,94] | |
| Cholesterol crystals | [95] | ||
| HMGB1 | [96,97] | ||
| HSP90 | [98] | ||
| Plasma DNA | [99,100] | ||
| Formylated peptides and Mitochondrial DNA | [101] | ||
| Neutrophil extracellular traps | [102] | ||
| Purine metabolites: ATP | [103] | ||
| IL-33 | [104] | ||
| S100 calcium binding proteins | [63,105] | [63] | |
| Extracellular matrix proteins: Hyaluronate | [106] | A number of reports, see, for example [107–109] | |
| Exhaustive review list of other DAMPs | [5,12] | ||
| “Eat-me” signals (EMS) | Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and oxidized PtdSer | [12,30,110–112] | See specific references further in this review |
| [113] | |||
| Calreticulin (CRT) | [114,115] | ||
| Phophoethanolamine (PE) and oxPE | [116] [117] | [118,119] | |
| Cardiolipin (CL) and oxCL | [120,121] | ||
| Other oxidized lipids | [122] | [62,123–126] |