Table 7.
Contact and financial transfers of non-co-resident children.
| Visits/year | Other communications/ year |
Transfer to parents | Transfer from parents |
Net amount of transfer | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE | |
| Live in the same county | 114.098*** | (2.302) | 23.848*** | (2.209) | −0.061*** | (0.013) | 0.021*** | (0.007) | −891.551** | (416.175) |
| Parents live with another adult child | −6.803 | (4.149) | −3.571 | (3.844) | −0.020 | (0.020) | −0.026** | (0.010) | −10.412 | (224.625) |
| Parent Characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age | 1.584 | (3.291) | −2.756 | (2.771) | 0.006 | (0.015) | −0.019*** | (0.007) | 125.771 | (126.174) |
| Age^2/100 | −1.057 | (2.230) | 1.875 | (1.888) | −0.006 | (0.010) | 0.011** | (0.005) | −95.479 | (90.348) |
| Single Man | −17.231*** | (4.994) | 19.873*** | (3.963) | −0.021 | (0.024) | −0.027** | (0.011) | 1,107.964 | (1,125.476) |
| Single Woman | −0.679 | (4.073) | −1.180 | (3.546) | 0.015 | (0.020) | −0.010 | (0.010) | −274.937 | (276.225) |
| Urban | 32.639*** | (3.707) | 17.594*** | (3.299) | −0.059*** | (0.017) | −0.021** | (0.008) | 306.201** | (137.540) |
| Education | ||||||||||
| Primary | 3.677 | (3.876) | 8.247*** | (3.176) | 0.014 | (0.019) | 0.019** | (0.009) | −422.719 | (489.284) |
| Middle School | 3.390 | (5.243) | 21.515*** | (4.470) | −0.007 | (0.025) | 0.034** | (0.013) | −311.176 | (573.908) |
| P-value for Education | 0.636 | 0.000 | 0.472 | 0.022 | 0.528 | |||||
| House Ownership | −4.209 | (4.516) | 9.945*** | (3.848) | −0.019 | (0.022) | −0.012 | (0.011) | 27.297 | (274.610) |
| Pre-transfer Income (1000 RMB) | ||||||||||
| For PTI Below Median | −1.003 | (0.639) | −0.693 | (0.943) | −0.004 | (0.004) | 0.002 | (0.002) | −352.918*** | (126.733) |
| For PTI Above Median | 0.433** | (0.193) | 0.967*** | (0.197) | −0.003*** | (0.001) | 0.002*** | (0.001) | −52.190** | (22.129) |
| P-value for Income | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.001 | |||||
| Health | ||||||||||
| Worse SRH Very Poor | −10.511* | (5.432) | −0.112 | (4.590) | −0.054** | (0.027) | −0.008 | (0.014) | −335.572 | (204.116) |
| Any ADL/IADL Difficulty | −6.294 | (4.797) | −2.372 | (3.995) | −0.032 | (0.022) | −0.008 | (0.011) | −112.829 | (152.474) |
| P-value for Health | 0.007 | 0.805 | 0.005 | 0.406 | 0.152 | |||||
| Child Characteristics | ||||||||||
| Child Age | 1.853 | (1.157) | −1.613 | (1.157) | −0.005 | (0.004) | 0.004** | (0.002) | −25.567 | (43.530) |
| Child Age^2/100 | −1.526 | (1.282) | 1.310 | (1.273) | 0.002 | (0.004) | −0.006** | (0.002) | 42.327 | (37.307) |
| Male Child | 73.960*** | (2.719) | −0.826 | (1.999) | −0.031*** | (0.009) | 0.038*** | (0.005) | 125.261 | (206.391) |
| Married | 1.269 | (2.058) | −0.706 | (1.482) | 0.025*** | (0.008) | 0.002 | (0.003) | −96.070 | (207.063) |
| # of Grandchild <16 | −3.432 | (2.738) | −0.985 | (1.982) | −0.009 | (0.010) | 0.004 | (0.005) | −213.264 | (285.690) |
| Child Rural Hukou | 3.885 | (5.314) | 9.287*** | (3.532) | 0.087*** | (0.016) | 0.023** | (0.009) | 317.131* | (173.584) |
| Education | ||||||||||
| Primary Education | 1.987 | (4.463) | −3.110 | (3.059) | 0.058*** | (0.017) | 0.003 | (0.007) | 418.771* | (226.744) |
| Middle School | 1.384 | (4.965) | 3.470 | (3.508) | 0.074*** | (0.018) | 0.000 | (0.008) | 623.690* | (348.402) |
| High School & Above | −0.213 | (5.709) | 17.319*** | (4.424) | 0.099*** | (0.020) | 0.016 | (0.010) | 1,237.654 | (968.767) |
| P-value for Child Education | 0.934 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.287 | 0.235 | |||||
| Child Annual Income | ||||||||||
| 5k–50k | 8.221** | (3.609) | 6.462** | (2.583) | 0.053*** | (0.012) | 0.012* | (0.006) | 1.460 | (158.086) |
| Above 50k | −1.709 | (5.607) | 13.103*** | (4.643) | 0.133*** | (0.020) | 0.027** | (0.013) | 2,859.261** | (1,382.087) |
| P-value for Child Income | 0.017 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.044 | 0.088 | |||||
| Sibling Characteristics (Non-Resident) | ||||||||||
| Have No Sibling | 5.593 | (14.848) | −1.415 | (13.138) | −0.117* | (0.061) | 0.028 | (0.032) | −784.222 | (727.239) |
| Max Sibling Age | 0.016 | (0.258) | −0.362 | (0.245) | −0.003*** | (0.001) | −0.001 | (0.001) | −12.836 | (10.477) |
| # of Male Siblings | −4.304*** | (1.619) | −2.717* | (1.445) | 0.013 | (0.008) | −0.005 | (0.004) | 9.344 | (79.374) |
| # of Female Siblings | −0.864 | (1.533) | −2.791** | (1.209) | 0.031*** | (0.007) | −0.010*** | (0.003) | 279.825 | (210.328) |
| Max Sibling Annual Income | ||||||||||
| 5k–50k | −10.846* | (6.451) | −0.442 | (4.870) | 0.043* | (0.023) | 0.010 | (0.009) | −153.904 | (235.493) |
| 50k & Above | −11.855 | (7.532) | 5.489 | (6.093) | 0.099*** | (0.030) | 0.056*** | (0.015) | 846.448* | (489.027) |
| P-value for Sibling Income | 0.226 | 0.325 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.135 | |||||
| Max Sibling Education | ||||||||||
| Primary School | −1.759 | (9.034) | −5.679 | (6.319) | −0.018 | (0.035) | −0.012 | (0.014) | −42.954 | (237.318) |
| Middle School | −4.604 | (9.085) | −4.300 | (6.456) | −0.028 | (0.036) | 0.000 | (0.014) | −181.726 | (221.907) |
| High School & Above | 1.607 | (9.483) | −3.875 | (6.780) | −0.023 | (0.037) | 0.007 | (0.015) | 269.812 | (357.856) |
| P-value for Sibling Education | 0.387 | 0.783 | 0.835 | 0.110 | 0.184 | |||||
| Constant | 144.320 | (114.822) | 186.819* | (96.041) | 0.367 | (0.537) | 0.747*** | (0.257) | −2,997.276 | (4,780.627) |
| County Dummy | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
| Observations | 12,523 | 12,099 | 13,145 | 13,145 | 13,145 | |||||
| R-Squared | 0.189 | 0.124 | 0.070 | 0.058 | 0.020 | |||||
Notes:
1
Sample: non-co-resident adult children from CHARLS elderly households (with at least one respondent 60 or above).
2
Clustered standard errors at family level are reported.
3
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1.