Total sample		Urban parent		Rural parent
	Coef.	S.E.	Coef.	S.E.	Coef.	S.E.
Child Characteristics
Child Age	−0.018***	(0.003)	−0.034***	(0.006)	−0.011**	(0.004)
Child Age^2/100	0.015***	(0.003)	0.027***	(0.006)	0.008*	(0.005)
Sons (Middle Sons as Reference)
Oldest Son	0.028**	(0.011)	0.048**	(0.020)	0.018	(0.014)
Youngest Son	0.097***	(0.012)	0.109***	(0.021)	0.091***	(0.015)
Daughter	−0.076***	(0.010)	−0.033**	(0.017)	−0.095***	(0.012)
Married	−0.190***	(0.018)	−0.143***	(0.031)	−0.211***	(0.022)
# of Grandchild <16	0.006	(0.006)	0.010	(0.014)	0.006	(0.007)
Rural Hukou	0.064***	(0.012)	0.020	(0.022)	0.087***	(0.013)
Education
Primary School	0.005	(0.013)	−0.025	(0.033)	0.009	(0.015)
Middle School	0.011	(0.016)	0.003	(0.037)	0.005	(0.018)
High School	0.016	(0.021)	−0.001	(0.039)	0.016	(0.027)
P-value for Child Education	0.855		0.475		0.889
Child Annual Income
5k–50k	−0.032	(0.020)	−0.033	(0.036)	−0.032	(0.024)
50k & above	−0.063**	(0.030)	−0.070	(0.049)	−0.064*	(0.037)
P-value for Child Income	0.096		0.360		0.207
Sibling Characteristics
Max Sibling Age	−0.004	(0.002)	−0.009*	(0.005)	−0.002	(0.003)
Max Sibling Annual Income
5k–50k	0.052	(0.040)	0.078	(0.070)	0.045	(0.049)
50k & Above	0.063	(0.051)	0.154*	(0.082)	0.012	(0.065)
P-values for Sibling Income	0.400		0.150		0.491
Max Sibling Education
Primary School	−0.083	(0.064)	−0.022	(0.094)	−0.096	(0.073)
Middle School	−0.096	(0.065)	−0.041	(0.093)	−0.112	(0.074)
High School & Above	−0.073	(0.067)	−0.020	(0.096)	−0.085	(0.079)
P-values for Sibling Education	0.379		0.919		0.402
R-Square	0.158		0.167		0.163
Observations	9812		3128		6684

Notes:

¹Sample includes adult children aged 25 and older who have at least one parent no younger than 60 in families with at least two sons.

²Robust standard errors are reported.

³***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1.