Table 2. Summary details of articles on GBV prevention identified for data extraction and included in review.

Study / Type	Population / Settings / Unit of Analysis	Article Summary
Marsh 200628 / Review	Displaced populations / Humanitarian emergency settings / Female Adult & Female Child	Reviews available published and unpublished data to illustrate the extent of sexual violence in humanitarian emergencies and the lack of a sufficiently robust response to the problem.
Pronyk 200631 / Original research, quantitative	Non-displaced populations / Rural women in Limpopo Province, South Africa / Female Adult	Describes a cluster randomized trial to evaluate the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS & Gender Equity (IMAGE), a package that combined microfinance with a participatory gender and HIV training curriculum to rural women in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Effect estimates suggest that, relative to a matched comparison group, IMAGE participants experienced a 55% (9%; 77%) reduction in the past year experience of physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner.
Chynoweth 200829 / Original research, qualitative	Displaced populations / Iraqi refugees in Jordan / Female Adult	Explores the priority reproductive health needs and service gaps faced by Iraqi refugees in Jordan following a 2007 Women’s Commission field mission to Amman, Jordan, which found that Iraqi refugees have limited access to reproductive health services. Findings included gaps in adherence to international standards for reproductive health in emergencies, including prevention of and response to sexual violence.
Henttonen 200830 / Original research, mixed	Displaced populations / GBV survivors in Northern Uganda / Female Adult	Presents a study designed to examine the status of health services available for GBV survivors in Northern Uganda, assess available GBV programs and identify gaps and challenges in the provision of services for survivors, using the IASC guidelines on GBV in humanitarian settings as an analytical framework. Conclusions call for more evidence on the effectiveness and sustainability of GBV programs.
Hargreaves 200934 / Original research, mixed	Non-displaced populations / Rural settings in South Africa / Female Adult	Describes the process evaluation of an intervention combining microfinance with gender and HIV training for the prevention of intimate partner violence in South Africa. It found that microfinance and gender/HIV training were feasible to deliver and acceptable to most clients. Although participation in community mobilization was high for some clients, others experienced barriers to collective action, which may help explain lack of intervention effects among household/community members.
Barker 201032 / Review	Non-displaced populations / Studies of men and boys in a variety of geographical areas / Male Adult & Male Child	Describes a review of 58 evaluation studies of programs with men and boys in sexual and reproductive health; father involvement; gender-based violence; maternal, newborn and child health; and gender socialization more broadly. The evidence from these studies indicates that programs incorporating a gender-transformative approach and promoting gender-equitable relationships between men and women are more effective in producing behavior change than narrowly focused interventions, as are programs which reach beyond the individual to the social context.
Horn 201033 / Original research, qualitative	Displaced populations / Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya / Female Adult	Presents a qualitative study designed to explore how refugees living in Kakuma camp in Kenya talk about the way the intersection of community responses to intimate partner violence and the formal response systems established by UNHCR and its implementing partners. Findings from focus group discussion involving a total of 157 refugees suggest that while community responses to intimate partner violence do not necessarily result in the protection of women, women are reluctant to report their cases to UNHCR and its implanting agencies.
Jan 201135 / Original research, quantitative	Non-displaced populations / Rural settings in South Africa / Female Adult	Describes the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of an intervention combining microfinance with gender and HIV training for the prevention of intimate partner violence in South Africa. It found that the intervention was cost-effective in the trial phase and highly cost-effective in scale-up, suggesting that proven development initiatives such as microfinance represent ideal vehicles for value-adding public health interventions such as GBV prevention programming.
Ho 201136 / Original research, qualitative	Displaced populations / Refugee camp in Rwanda / General	Presents findings of a study exploring refugees’ perspectives on gender-based violence and systems for holding perpetrators accountable for their actions. The study concluded that a top-down approach to GBV prevention may ironically reinforce disparities by affording the same actors that exploit community members the power to define and control monitoring, response and evaluation processes. By shifting the focus to community dialogues surrounding GBV and processes that will empower these individuals to take charge of their lives, a focus on capabilities of camp residents may swing the vertical power structure so that health and human rights are more protected.
Sikweyiya 201137 / Original research, qualitative	Non-displaced populations / Interviews with 12 GBV researchers from various geographical areas / General	Presents a qualitative study gathering empirical data on the meanings of safety, the basis of ethical concerns and the nature and scope of empirical evidence on the presence of risks unique to GBV research from publications and researchers who have worked in the field. It concludes that the notion that GBV studies carry greater than minimal risk when ethics precautions are followed is based on speculation, not evidence.
Abramsky 201238 / Original research, quantitative	Non-displaced populations / Community-wide setting in Kampala Uganda / Female Adult	Presents the study protocol for a pair-matched cluster randomized trial designed to assess the community-level impact of the SASA! Intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV/AIDS risk in eight communities of Kampala, Uganda. It is one of the few cluster randomized trials to assess the impact of a gender-focused community mobilization intervention.
Scott 2013a39 / Original research, mixed	Non-displaced populations / Community setting in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo / General	Describes a mixed methods assessment to assess community attitudes and health facility capacity to address GBV in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. While the majority of respondents favored legal action over community mediation to obtain justice for GBV, more than half of survivors interviewed reported being forced to accept community mediation.
Slegh 201340 / Original research, qualitative	Non-displaced populations / Rwanda / Female Adult	Presents an evaluation of a pilot project in Rwanda that deliberately engaged men as partners of women beneficiaries of a micro-credit program. Preliminary results affirm the importance of engaging men in a deliberate questioning of gender norms and power dynamics so that they can embrace better co-operation and sharing of activities at the household level; and that a ‘do-no-harm’ approach to women’s economic empowerment should involve activities to engage men at the community level in questioning and ending GBV – building on those interventions that have shown evidence of changes in men’s attitudes and behaviors related to GBV.
Lwambo 201341 / Original research, qualitative	Non-displaced populations / North Kivu province in Democratic Republic of Congo / Female Adult	Draws on a research study on the discrepancies between dominant ideals of masculinities and the actual realities of men’s lives to reflect on the relationship between GBV and conceptions of masculinity in conflict affected North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The author argues that GBV interventions that focus exclusively on women do not recognize the interdependent and interactive nature of gender and emphasizes the need for holistic approaches that empower men to make non-violent life choices.
Hoang 201342 / Original research, qualitative	Non-displaced populations / Coastal district in Vietnam / Female Adult	Describes a pilot GBV prevention project that worked with men in a coastal district in Vietnam to stop violence against their wives, enabling them to develop positive ideas about what it is to be a man and empowering them to adopt these new values in their thoughts and practices.
Mitchell 201343 / Commentary	Non-Displaced Population / Community education case study in peri-urban area of Lima, Peru / Female Adult	A case study of a project using a community education approach to challenge stereotypes about gender roles, question men’s assumed dominance over women and support men to construct new forms of masculinity without violence in urban Peru.
Scott 2013b44 / Original research, quantitative	Non-displaced populations / Selected cities (n=7) located in South Sudan / Female Adult	Describes a community-based participatory research study of attitudes towards gender inequitable norms related to GBV in South Sudan. It found that both men and women agreed with gender-inequitable norms, further supporting that GBV programming should address the attitudes of both women and men and supporting education promotion as a strategy for addressing GBV.
Asgary 201345 / Review	Displaced populations / Evaluation studies in a variety of geographical areas / General	Reviews peer-reviewed studies on evaluation of strategies for prevention and management of GBV among refugee populations before September 2011. Studies not primarily focused on prevention and treatment, and not describing a population, health outcome, and interventions, were excluded.
Spangaro 201346 / Review	Displaced populations / Impact evaluations in a variety of geographical areas / Female Adult	Reviews the extent and impact of initiatives to reduce incidence, risk and harm from sexual violence in conflict, post-conflict and other humanitarian crisis, in low and middle-income countries. The reviewed examined studies across seven domains: survivor care, livelihood initiatives, community mobilization, personnel initiatives, systems and security responses, legal interventions, and multiple component interventions.
Abdelnour 201447 / Original research, qualitative	Displaced populations / Camp settings in Darfur, Sudan / Female Adult	Examines the use of fuel-efficient stoves in humanitarian space and considers its effect on reducing sexual violence as well as other effects not yet considered. The concept is based on the premise that firewood collection by women and girls increases risk of sexual violence.
Hossain 201448 / Original research, quantitative	Non-displaced populations / 12 pair-matched communities in Cote d’Ivoire / Female Adult	Evaluates the impact of adding a targeted men’s intervention to a community-based prevention program in Cote d’Ivoire aimed at reducing intimate partner violence.
Gurman 201449 / Original research, qualitative	Displaced populations / Post-conflict settings in South Sudan, Uganda, Thailand, Liberia and Rwanda / Female Adult	Examines the, “Through Our Eyes”, intervention, which is a multi-year participatory video project aimed at reducing GBV in post-conflict settings in South Sudan, Uganda, Thailand, Liberia, and Rwanda. The study utilizes a qualitative analysis design for evaluating the effectiveness of the project.
Spangaro 201550 / Review	Displaced populations / Outcome evaluations in a variety of geographical areas / Female Adult & Female Child	This article uses an exploratory theory-driven method for conducting a systematic review examining the mechanisms that contribute to GBV related outcomes. Four main mechanisms appear to contribute to effective interventions: increasing the risk to offenders of being detected; building community engagement; ensuring community members are aware of available help for and responses to sexual violence; and safe and anonymous systems for reporting and seeking help.