Extended Data Table 1. Insect bioassays against susceptible and resistant Trichoplusia ni.

The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) and media inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) were determined using 7–8 concentrations of the indicated toxins in an insect diet surface overlay bioassay using either Cry1Ac-susceptible or Cry1Ac-resistant Trichoplusia ni neonatal larvae. In each case, the 95% confidence interval (95% CI), the slope of the best fit (Slope) and the standard error (SE) is given. The relative potency (%) has been normalized to the activity of wild-type Cry1Ac for each case.

Susceptible T. ni	Mortality	Toxin	LC50 (ppm)	95% CL	Slope	SE	Relative potency (%)
		Cry1Ac	0.039	0.019–0.069	2.54	0.26	100
		Cry1Ac-C03	0.793	0.505–1.082	2.84	0.41	5
		Cry1Ac-C05	0.715	0.407–1.176	1.78	0.22	5
		Cry1Ac-C03s	0.018	0.014–0.020	4.68	0.75	217
		Cry1Ac-C05s	0.035	0.026–0.045	3.59	0.41	111
		Cry1Ac-A01s	0.021	0.015–0.024	4.82	1.09	186
	Growth inhibition	Toxin	IC50 (ppm)	95% CL	Slope	SE	Relative potency (%)
		Cry1Ac	0.019	0.011–0.027	3.09	0.39	100
		Cry1Ac-C03	0.136	0.110–0.160	4.00	0.62	14
		Cry1Ac-C05	0.217	0.167–0.268	2.59	0.32	9
		Cry1Ac-C03s	0.007	0.003–0.010	3.65	0.61	271
		Cry1Ac-C05s	0.016	0.014–0.018	5.53	0.82	119
		Cry1Ac-A01s	0.005	0.004–0.006	4.92	0.9	380
Resistant T. ni	Mortality	Toxin	LC50 (ppm)	95% CL	Slope	SE	Relative potency (%)
		Cry1Ac	51.229	9.929–90.241	1.89	0.36	100
		Cry1Ac-C03	408.713	263.629–680.973	0.81	0.1	13
		Cry1Ac-C05	235.698	79.467–510.323	1.12	0.15	22
		Cry1Ac-C03s	1.841	1.390–2.312	2.25	0.28	2783
		Cry1Ac-C05s	1.938	1.550–2.352	2.55	0.29	2643
		Cry1Ac-A01s	0.153	0.046–0.289	2.01	0.22	33483
	Growth inhibition	Toxin	IC50 (ppm)	95% CL	Slope	SE	Relative potency (%)
		Cry1Ac	23.402	4.587–46.512	1.49	0.25	100
		Cry1Ac-C03	56.626	40.600–75.685	1.84	0.21	41
		Cry1Ac-C05	47.232	20.236–90.729	1.16	0.12	50
		Cry1Ac-C03s	0.733	0.515–0.949	2.06	0.28	3193
		Cry1Ac-C05s	1.116	0.797–1.484	2.19	0.23	2097
		Cry1Ac-A01s	0.083	0.061–0.104	2.57	0.38	28195