Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohort overall, and differences by child academic scores at age 10 years, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1983–1986), at enrolment or delivery (n=574 mother–child pairs)
| Overall N (%) | Math Mean (SD) | Reading Mean (SD) | Spelling Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enrolment | ||||
| Maternal race | ||||
| White | 276 (48.1) | 92.1 (13.3)* | 97.7 (14.5)* | 95.9 (14.1)* |
| Black | 298 (51.9) | 85.8 (12.0) | 90.9 (15.6) | 91.3 (14.6) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married | 388 (67.6) | 88.1 (12.3)* | 93.1 (15.8)* | 92.9 (14.7) |
| Married | 186 (32.4) | 90.3 (14.5) | 96.4 (14.5) | 94.6 (14.2) |
| Maternal employment† | ||||
| No | 420 (73.2) | 88.3 (13.1) | 93.8 (15.5) | 93.1 (14.9) |
| Yes | 154 (26.8) | 90.2 (12.8) | 95.1 (15.4) | 94.6 (13.6) |
| Family income (US$ per month) | ||||
| <500 | 351 (61.2) | 87.5 (13.0) | 92.8 (15.9) | 92.0 (14.9) |
| ≥500 | 223 (38.9) | 90.8 (12.8) | 96.2 (14.9) | 95.6 (13.9) |
| Maternal depression scale | ||||
| Not depressed <40 | 256 (44.6) | 89.1 (12.3) | 95.1 (14.8) | 94.0 (14.2) |
| Moderately depressed ≥40 | 318 (55.4) | 88.6 (13.6) | 93.4 (15.9) | 93.1 (14.8) |
| Delivery | ||||
| Prenatal alcohol use (any) | ||||
| Never used | 152 (36.5) | 88.8 (14.0) | 93.2 (16.4) | 92.4 (15.2) |
| Drank 1 trimester | 161 (28.1) | 89.4 (12.3) | 94.8 (14.6) | 94.5 (13.5) |
| Drank ≥2 trimesters | 261 (45.5) | 88.4 (13.0) | 94.3 (15.5) | 93.4 (14.9) |
| Prenatal marijuana use (any) | ||||
| Never used | 287 (50.0) | 89.0 (13.0) | 95.4 (15.3)* | 94.2 (14.2) |
| Smoked 1 trimester | 136 (23.7) | 89.7 (13.0) | 94.3 (15.3) | 93.7 (14.6) |
| Smoked ≥2 trimesters | 151 (26.3) | 87.5 (13.1) | 91.5 (15.7) | 91.8 (15.2) |
| Prenatal cigarette use (any) | ||||
| Never used | 220 (38.3) | 89.2 (12.6) | 94.3 (14.6) | 93.4 (13.4) |
| Smoked 1 trimester | 44 (7.7) | 86.6 (13.8) | 90.7 (17.8) | 91.1 (16.6) |
| Smoked ≥2 trimesters | 310 (54.0) | 88.9 (13.2) | 94.5 (15.6) | 93.9 (15.0) |
| Prenatal illicit drug use throughout pregnancy (any) | ||||
| No | 508 (88.5) | 88.5 (12.9) | 93.6 (15.5)* | 92.9 (14.5)* |
| Yes | 66 (11.5) | 91.2 (13.6) | 98.6 (14.1) | 97.5 (14.1) |
| Child sex | ||||
| Female | 288 (50.2) | 89.7 (12.8) | 95.0 (13.6) | 95.1 (13.4)* |
| Male | 286 (49.8) | 87.8 (13.3) | 93.3 (17.1) | 91.8 (15.5) |
*
p<0.05.
†
School attendance.