Table 2.
Characteristics at the time of cancer diagnosis of HIV-positive children with prevalent and incident cancer in South Africa.
| Children diagnosed with cancer | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalent cases | Incident cases | ||
| All patients | 47 | 24 | |
| Age at cancer diagnosis | Median (IQR) | 6.0 (3.7 – 9.7) | 6.3 (3.8 – 10.2) |
| Age at cancer diagnosis | ≤ 1 year | 1 (2%) | 1 (4%) |
| 1 to <3 years | 6 (13%) | 3 (13%) | |
| 3 to <5 years | 12 (26%) | 3 (13%) | |
| 5 to <10 years | 18 (38%) | 11 (46%) | |
| ≥ 10 years | 10 (21%) | 6 (25%) | |
| CD4 cell count at cancer diagnosis* | Median, IQR | 372 (171 – 762) | 599 (62 – 978) |
| Immunodeficiency at cancer diagnosis** | No / mild | 3 (6%) | 2 (8%) |
| Advanced / severe | 24 (51%) | 12 (50%) | |
| Missing | 20 (43%) | 10 (42%) | |
| ART history | Not on ART | 43 (91%) | 12 (50%) |
| On ART | 4 (8%) | 12 (50%) | |
| Type of cancer | HHV-8 associated, KS | 21 (45%) | 10 (42%) |
| EBV associated | 23 (49%) | 10 (42%) | |
| NHL, Burkitt | 9 (19%) | 3 (13%) | |
| NHL, non Burkitt | 10 (21%) | 6 (25%) | |
| NHL, CNS lymphoma | 1 (2%) | 0 | |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | 3 (6%) | 0 | |
| Leiomyosarcoma | 0 | 1 (4%) | |
| ALL, AML | 0 | 4 (17%) | |
| Other*** | 3 (6%) | 0 (0%) | |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; HHV-8, human herpes virus 8; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; NHL, non Hodgkin lymphoma; ALL, acute lymphocytic leukaemia; AML, acute myeloid leukaemia
Based on 27 children with prevalent cancer and available CD4 count at cancer diagnosis, and 14 children with incident cancer and available CD4 count at cancer diagnosis.
WHO 2005 surveillance definition of immunodeficiency for the African region:21 No significant immunosuppression: children up to age 12 months >35 CD4%; children 13 – 59 months >25 CD4%; children ≥ 5 years CD4 cell count > 500/mm3; Mild immunosuppression: children up to age 12 months 25-34 CD4%; children 13 – 59 months 20-24 CD4%; children ≥ 5 years CD4 cell count 350-499/mm3; Advanced immunosuppression: children up to age 12 months 20-24 CD4%; children 13 – 59 months 15-19 CD4%; children ≥ 5 years CD4 cell count 200-349/mm3; Severe immunosuppression: children up to age 12 months <20 CD4%; children 13 – 59 months < 15 CD4%; children ≥ 5 years CD4 cell count < 200/mm3.
Other: nephroblastoma, for two cases histology not provided