Table 3. Selected Charging Mechanisms from in situ Characterization Methods and Computer Simulations^a.

	carbon, electrolyte		charging mechanism
method		cycling mode	positive electrode	negative electrode	ref
NMR	YP50F, PEt4–BF4/ACN (1.5 M)	static	ion exchange (X = 0)	counter-ion adsorption (X = 1)	(52)
NMR and EQCM	YP50F, PEt4–BF4/ACN (0.75 M)	static
NMR	YP50F, PEt4–BF4/ACN (0.5 M)	static
NMR	YP50F, Pyr13–TFSI ionic liquid	static	ion exchange and counter-ion adsorption (X = 0.3)	ion exchange and co-ion desorption (X = −0.4)	(53)
MD	CDC, BMI–PF6 ionic liquid	static	ion exchange and counter-ion adsorption (X = 0.34)	ion exchange and co-ion desorption (X = −0.11)	(39)
MD	CDC, BMI–PF6/ACN (1.5 M)	static	ion exchange and counter-ion adsorption (X = 0.57)	ion exchange and co-ion desorption (X = −0.02)	(40)
MD	slit pore (1.1 nm), EMI–TFSI ionic liquid	static	ion exchange and co-ion desorption (X = −0.36)	ion exchange and counter-ion adsorption (X = 0.45)	(43)
NMR	ACs, NEt4–BF4/ACN (1 M)	static	ion exchange (X = 0)	ion exchange (X = 0)	(48)
XRT	YP-80, CsCl (aq) (1 M)	dynamic	ion exchange (X = 0)	ion exchange (X = 0)	(58)
XRT	YP-80, KCl (aq) (1 M)	dynamic
XRT	YP-80, NaCl (aq) (1 M)	dynamic
EQCM	CDC, EMI–TFSI ionic liquid	dynamic	low V, ion exchange; high V, counter-ion adsorption	counter-ion adsorption	(83)
EQCM	CDC, EMI–TFSI/ACN (1.5 M)	dynamic
EQCM	YP17, NEt4–BF4 (0.1 M)	dynamic	low V, ion exchange; high V, counter-ion adsorption	low V, ion exchange; high V, counter-ion adsorption as above, except ion exchange over wider V range	(81)
EQCM	YP17, NOc4–BF4 (0.1 M)	dynamic
IR	CNFs, EMI–TFSI ionic liquid	dynamic	involves counter-ion adsorption	not studied	(88)
IR	modified CNFs, EMI–TFSI ionic liquid	dynamic	involves ion exchange	not studied

^aX values are given where possible.