FIGURE 1.

NAD⁺ precursors increase total and mitochondrial NAD⁺ content in astrocytes. Primary confluent cortical astrocytes obtained from non-transgenic (NonTG) and hSOD1^G93A (G93A) mice were treated with vehicle (control), 5 mm NMN, or 5 mm NR. 24 h later total NAD⁺ (A), total NADH (B), mitochondrial NAD⁺ (C), and mitochondrial NADH (D) were determined as described under “Experimental Procedures” and corrected by protein (prot.) content. Primary confluent spinal cord astrocytes from non-transgenic and G93A mice were treated as above, and 24 h later total NAD⁺ (E) and total NADH (F) were determined and corrected by protein content. Each data bar represents the mean ± S.D. (error bars) of at least three independent experiments. *, significantly different from its respective control (p < 0.05).