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Summary of major cardiac effects of S1P
| Cardiac physiology | Cardioprotection | Cardiac remodeling |
|---|---|---|
| Negative inotropy (S1P1 mediated) |
S1P1, 2 & 3 are involved |
Hypertrophy (S1P1) |
| Negative chronotropy (S1P1 in human; S1P3 in rodent) |
Both SPHK1 and SPHK2 are required |
Fibrosis (S1P2, 3) |
