Table 1.
Selected Characteristics of the 31 Cross-sectional Studies Included in This Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
| Source | Country | Survey Years | Specialty | PGY | No. of Participants | Age, y | Men, No. (%) | Diagnostic Method | Outcome Definition | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| de Oliveira et al,47 2013 | United States | 2011 | Anesthesia | 1-4 | 1384 | No. (%) ≤30 y: 779 (54.0) | 850 (57.0) | HANDS | >9 | 5 |
| Waldman et al,43 2009 | Argentina | 2007 | Cardiology | 3-4 | 106 | Mean (SD), 29.1 (2.4) | 70 (66.0) | 21-Item BDI | ≥10 | 3 |
| Hasanović and Herenda,39 2008 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2004 | Family medicine | ≥1 | 78 | Median (range), NR (30-45) | 12 (15.4) | HSCL-25 | ≥1.75 | 3 |
| Godenick et al,29 1995 | United States | 1992 | Family medicine | 1-4 | 164 | Mean (SD), 30.3 (4.6) | 133 (74.7) | 21-Item BDI | ≥10 | 3 |
| Oriel et al,33 2004 | United States | NR | Family medicine | 1-4 | 185 | Mean (range), 33 (26-57) | 87 (47.0) | 9-Item survey | DSM-IV criteria | 1 |
| Earle and Kelly,34 2005 | Canada | 2002 | Family medicine | ≥1 | 254 | Mean (SD), 29 (NR) | 90 (35.4) | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | 4 |
| Hainer and Palesch,30 1998 | United States | 1993-1996 | Family medicine | 1-3 | 268 | Mean (SD), 30.4 (5.2) | 239 (68.3) | 21-Item BDI | ≥10 | 4 |
| Lam et al,44 2010 | Hong Kong | 2005 | General internship | 1 | 95 | Mean (range), 24.4 (23-28) | 48 (49.5) | DASS-21 | ≥10 | 3 |
| Sakata et al,40 2008 | Japan | 2005 | General internship | 1-2 | 196 | Mean (SD), 27.3 (2.9) | 149 (76) | CES-D | ≥19 | 3 |
| Hsieh et al,13 2011 | Taiwan | 2004-2005 | General internship | 1 | 302 | NR | 216 (71.5) | Zung SDS | ≥41 | 2 |
| Costa et al,45 2012 | Brazil | 2008 | Internal medicine | 1 | 84 | Mean (SD), 24.6 (3.8) | 45 (53.6) | 21-Item BDI | ≥10 | 3 |
| Shanafelt et al,32 2002 | United States | 2001 | Internal medicine | 1-3 | 115 | NR | 54 (47.0) | PRIME-MD | Yes to either item | 0 |
| Yi et al,37 2006 | United States | 2003 | Medical and pediatric | ≥1 | 227 | Mean (SD), 28.7 (3.8) | 95 (42) | CES-D | ≥10 | 3 |
| Raviola et al,31 2002 | Kenya | 1997-1999 | Medical and surgical | 3-4 | 50 | Mean (SD), 33 (NR) | NR | Structured interview | DSM-IV criteria | 2 |
| Valko and Clayton,27 1975 | United States | 1972 | Medical and surgical | 1 | 53 | NR | NR | Structured interview | DSM-II criteria | 2 |
| Kirsling et al,12 1989 | United States | 1987-1988 | Medical and surgical | 1 | 58 | NR | 38 (62.3) | 21-Item BDI | ≥10 | 3 |
| Cruz EP,36 2006 | Mexico | NR | Medical and surgical | 1-6 | 80 | Mean (SD), 27.5 (1.8) | 53 (66.3) | Zung SDS | ≥41 | 1 |
| Demir et al,38 2007 | Turkey | 2004 | Medical and surgical | ≥1 | 86 | Mean (SD), 28.2 (3.2) | 38 (44.2) | 21-Item BDI | ≥11 | 3 |
| Sánchez et al,41 2008 | Mexico | 2007-2008 | Medical and surgical | 1-3 | 90 | Mean (SD), 28.6 (0.5) | 49 (54.4) | HAM-D | ≥8 | 4 |
| Al Ghafri et al,48 2014 | Oman | 2011 | Medical and surgical | 1-4 | 132 | 73%<30 y | 42 (31.8) | PHQ-9 | ≥12 | 3 |
| Al-Maddah et al,51 2015 | Saudi Arabia | 2012 | Medical and surgical | 1-5 | 171 | Median (range), NR (25-35) | 72 (42) | 21-Item BDI | ≥10 | 3 |
| Yousuf et al,10 2011 | Pakistan | 2008 | Medical and surgical | ≥1 | 172 | No. (%) <30 y: 104 (70.3) | 111 (64.5) | Zung SDS | ≥45 | 2 |
| Steinert et al,28 1991 | Canada | 1984 | Medical and surgical | 1-6 | 255 | Mean (range), 27.7 (21-52) | 182 (71.4) | Zung SDS | ≥50 | 4 |
| Stoesser and Cobb,50 2014 | United States | 2009 | Medical and surgical | ≥1 | 260 | Mean (range), 30.8 (25-55) | 126 (50.2) | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | 4 |
| Pereira-Lima and Loureiro,52 2015 | Brazil | 2012 | Medical and surgical | 1-5 | 305 | Mean (SD), 28 (2.5) | 159 (52.1) | PHQ-4 | ≥3 | 4 |
| Goebert et al,42 2009 | United States | 2003-2004 | Medical and surgical | 1-4 | 532 | NR | 254 (48) | CES-D | ≥16 | 3 |
| Dyrbye et al,49 2014 | United States | 2011-2012 | Medical and surgical | 1-7 | 1701 | Median (range), 31 (NR) | 824 (48.6) | PRIME-MD | Yes to either item | 3 |
| Hsu and Marshall,11 1987 | Canada | 1984-1985 | Medical and surgical | ≥1 | 1785 | Mean (SD), 29 (4.2) | 1184 (66.3) | CES-D | ≥16 | 4 |
| Govardhan et al,46 2012 | United States | 2009 | Ob/gyn | 1-4 | 56 | Mean (SD), 30.1 (3.0) | 5 (8.8) | CES-D | >16 | 3 |
| Becker et al,35 2006 | United States | 2004 | Ob/gyn | 1-4 | 120 | Mean (SD), 29.3 (3.0) | 26 (20.8) | CES-D | ≥16 | 3 |
| Waring EM,26 1974 | United Kingdom | NR | Psychiatry | ≥1 | 83 | NR | NR | GHQ | ≥12 | 2 |
Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale;DASS-21, 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HANDS, Harvard Department of Psychiatry/National Depression Screening Day Scale; HSCL-25, 25-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa score; NR, not reported; PGY, postgraduate year; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PRIME-MD, 2-item Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders questionnaire; SSTDS, Spielberger State-Trait Depression Scale; Zung SDS, Zung Self-rating Depression Scale.