Table 4.

Age-associated changes (coefficient, 95% CI)^† in the n-back outcomes during the 1-year follow-up.

Outcome	Age	p	Age2	p
d′ 2-BACK NUMBERS
All	0.31 (0.26, 0.35)	<0.0001	−0.09 (−0.12, −0.07)	<0.0001
d′ 3-BACK NUMBERS
Girls	0.21 (0.16, 0.25)	<0.0001	−0.06 (−0.08, −0.03)	<0.0001
Boys	0.12 (0.07, 0.17)	<0.0001	−0.04 (−0.07, −0.01)	0.008
d′ 2-BACK WORDS
Girls	0.32 (0.27, 0.38)	<0.0001	−0.06 (−0.09, −0.02)	0.002
Boys	0.19 (0.14, 0.23)	<0.0001	–
No ADHD	0.26 (0.22, 0.30)	<0.0001	−0.03 (−0.06, −0.002)	0.035
ADHD-combined	0.30 (0.06, 0.53)	0.014	−0.20 (−0.37, −0.04)	0.017
d′ 3-BACK WORDS
Girls	0.26 (0.21, 0.30)	<0.0001	−0.04 (−0.07, −0.01)	0.004
Boys	0.16 (0.11, 0.21)	<0.0001	−0.04 (−0.07, −0.01)	0.020
HRT 2-BACK NUMBERS
Girls	−47.71 (−57.17, −38.25)	<0.0001	11.62 (5.88, 17.35)	<0.0001
Boys	−35.17 (−44.29, −26.05)	<0.0001	6.89 (0.93, 12.85)	0.023
HRT 3-BACK NUMBERS
No ADHD	−19.75 (−27.78, −11.73)	<0.0001	6.83 (1.74, 11.91)	0.009
ADHD-inattentive	–		–
HRT 2-BACK WORDS
No ADHD	−52.68 (−59.79, −45.56)	<0.0001	8.35 (3.89, 12.81)	<0.0001
ADHD-combined	–		–
HRT 3-BACK WORDS
No ADHD	−28.07 (−35.93, −20.20)	<0.0001	7.01 (2.07, 11.95)	0.005
ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive	–		–
ACCURACY 2-BACK NUMBERS
No ADHD	0.56 (0.18, 0.93)	0.004	–
ADHD-inattentive	1.71 (0.05, 3.36)	0.043	–
ACCURACY 3-BACK NUMBERS
Girls	–		–
Boys	−0.89 (−1.48, −0.30)	0.003	–
ACCURACY 2-BACK WORDS
No ADHD	1.57 (1.13, 2.01)	<0.0001	–
ADHD-combined	–		–
ACCURACY 3-BACK WORDS
Girls	1.42 (0.83, 2.00)	<0.0001	–
Boys	–		–
No ADHD	0.50 (−0.09, 1.09)	0.097	0.42 (0.06, 0.77)	0.020
ADHD-combined	–		–

CI, Confidence Interval; d′, d prime; HRT, Hit Reaction Time, ADHD, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder.

^†Coefficients obtained from multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models including school, individual and age as random effects.

Stratified results by sex and ADHD are provided when p-value for interaction ≤ 0.1.

− No effect.