Table 1.

Sequential Stages of Dog Training and Testing

Phase	Location of Case Sample Among 5 Stations	Contents of Station With Target Stimuli	Contents of Other 4 Stations	Sequence of Events at the Station With Case Sample	Location of Case Sample Known by:
Training
Stage I	Randomly chosen	Case sample Food	Blank vials	Sniffing Natural alert Clicker Praise Food reward	Sample handler Data recorder Dog handler
Stage II	Randomly chosen	Case sample Food	Blank vials	Sniffing Trained alert (sit) Clicker Praise Food reward	Sample handler Data recorder Dog handler
Stage III	Randomly chosen	Case sample	Water	Sniffing Trained alert (sit) Clicker Praise Food reward	Sample handler Data recorder Dog handler
Stage IV	Randomly chosen	Case sample	Control sample diluted with water	Sniffing Trained alert (sit) Clicker Praise Food reward	Sample handler Data recorder Dog handler
Stage V	Randomly chosen	Case sample	Full-strength control sample	Sniffing Trained alert (sit) Clicker Praise Food reward	Sample handler Data recorder Dog handler
Testing
Single-blinded trials	Randomly chosen	Case sample	Control sample	Sniffing Trained alert (sit) Clicker (sample handler) Reward (dog handler)	Sample handler Data recorder
Zero trials	Case sample not present	Control sample	Control sample	Sniffing No clicker or food reward if dog sits at any sample	Sample handler
Double-blinded trials	Randomly chosen	Case sample	Control sample	Sniffing Trained alert (sit) Clicker (sample handler) Reward (dog handler)	Sample handler