Table 3.
Selected estimates included in meta-analyses and calculated meta-analysis relative risks (meta-RRs) of the association between glyphosate exposure and risk of (LHC), including non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), NHL subtypes, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), multiple myeloma (MM), and leukemia.
| Study # | Authors | Year | Outcome | Number of exposed subjects | RR | 95% CI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | De Roos et al.[13] | 2003 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 36 cases, 61 controls | a. 1.6 (hierarchical regression) b. 2.1 (logistic regression) | a. 0.9–2.8 (hierarchical regression) b. 1.1–4.0 (logistic regression) | |||
| 2 | De Roos et al.[12] | 2005 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 71 cases* | 1.1 | 0.7–1.9 | |||
| 3 | Eriksson et al.[14] | 2008 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 29 cases, 18 controls | 1.51 | 0.77–2.94 | |||
| 4 | Hardell et al.[15] | 2002 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 8 cases, 8 controls | 1.85 | 0.55–6.20 | |||
| 5 | Hohenadel et al.[28] | 2011 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 50 cases, 133 controls | 1.40 (random effects meta-RR) | 0.62–3.15 (random effects meta-CI) | |||
| 6 | McDuffie et al.[16] | 2001 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 51 cases, 133 controls | 1.2 | 0.83–1.74 | |||
| 7 | Orsi et al.[17] | 2009 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 12 cases, 24 controls | 1.0 | 0.5–2.2 | |||
| Meta-analysis model | Outcome | Studies included | Meta-RR | 95% CI | I2 | Pheterogeneity | |||
| Model 1 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 1a, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.6 | 0.0% | 0.84 | |||
| Model 2 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 1b, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.6 | 0.0% | 0.59 | |||
| Model 3 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.7 | 0.0% | 0.85 | |||
| |
Model 4 |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
1b, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 |
1.4 |
1.0–1.8 |
0.0% |
0.63 |
||
| 3 | Eriksson et al.[14] | 2008 | B-cell lymphoma | Not reported | 1.87 | 0.998–3.51 | |||
| 8 | Cocco et al.[18] | 2013 | B-cell lymphoma | 4 cases, 2 controls | 3.1 | 0.6–17.1 | |||
| Meta-analysis model | Outcome | Studies included | Meta-RR | 95% CI | I2 | Pheterogeneity | |||
| |
Model 1 |
B-cell lymphoma |
3, 8 |
2.0 |
1.1–3.6 |
0.0% |
0.58 |
||
| 3 | Eriksson et al.[14] | 2008 | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | Not reported | 1.22 | 0.44–3.35 | |||
| 7 | Orsi et al.[17] | 2009 | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | 5 cases, 24 controls | 1.0 | 0.3–2.7 | |||
| Meta-analysis model | Outcome | Studies included | Meta-RR | 95% CI | I2 | Pheterogeneity | |||
| |
Model 1 |
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma |
3, 7 |
1.1 |
0.5–2.3 |
0.0% |
0.79 |
|
|
| 3 | Eriksson et al.[14] | 2008 | CLL/SLL | Not reported | 3.35 | 1.42–7.89 | |||
| 7 | Orsi et al.[17] | 2009 | CLL/SLL | 2 cases, 18 controls | 0.4 | 0.1–1.8 | |||
| Meta-analysis model | Outcome | Studies included | Meta-RR | 95% CI | I2 | Pheterogeneity | |||
| Model 1, random effects | CLL/SLL | 3, 7 | 1.3 | 0.2–10.0 | 83.7% | 0.01 | |||
| |
Model 1, fixed effects |
CLL/SLL |
3, 7 |
1.9 |
0.9–4.0 |
|
|
|
|
| 3 | Eriksson et al.[14] | 2008 | Follicular lymphoma | Not reported | 1.89 | 0.62–5.79 | |||
| 7 | Orsi et al.[17] | 2009 | Follicular lymphoma | 3 cases, 24 controls | 1.4 | 0.4–5.2 | |||
| Meta-analysis model | Outcome | Studies included | Meta-RR | 95% CI | I2 | Pheterogeneity | |||
| |
Model 1 |
Follicular lymphoma |
3, 7 |
1.7 |
0.7–3.9 |
0.0% |
0.73 |
||
| 7 | Orsi et al.[17] | 2009 | Hairy-cell leukemia | 2 cases, 18 controls | 1.8 | 0.3–9.3 | |||
| 9 | Nordström et al.[30] | 1998 | Hairy-cell leukemia | 4 cases, 5 controls | 3.1 | 0.8–12 | |||
| Meta-analysis model | Outcome | Studies included | Meta-RR | 95% CI | I2 | Pheterogeneity | |||
| |
Model 1 |
Hairy-cell leukemia |
7, 9 |
2.5 |
0.9–7.3 |
0.0% |
0.63 |
||
| 7 | Orsi et al.[17] | 2009 | Hodgkin lymphoma | 6 cases, 24 controls | 1.7 | 0.6–5.0 | |||
| 10 | Karunanayake et al.[31] | 2012 | Hodgkin lymphoma | 38 cases, 133 controls | 0.99 | 0.62–1.56 | |||
| Meta-analysis model | Outcome | Studies included | Meta-RR | 95% CI | I2 | Pheterogeneity | |||
| |
Model 1 |
Hodgkin lymphoma |
7, 10 |
1.1 |
0.7–1.6 |
0.0% |
0.36 |
|
|
| 2 | De Roos et al.[12] | 2005 | Multiple myeloma | 19 cases | 2.6 | 0.7–9.4 | |||
| 7 | Orsi et al.[17] | 2009 | Multiple myeloma | 5 cases, 24 controls | 2.4 | 0.8–7.3 | |||
| 11 | Brown et al.[32] | 1993 | Multiple myeloma | 11 cases, 40 controls | 1.7 | 0.8–3.6 | |||
| 12 | Kachuri et al.[33] | 2013 | Multiple myeloma | 32 cases, 121 controls | a. 1.19 (with proxies) b. 1.11 (without proxies) | a. 0.76–1.87 (with proxies) b. 0.66–1.86 (without proxies) | |||
| 13 | Pahwa et al.[34] | 2012 | Multiple myeloma | 32 cases, 133 controls | 1.22 | 0.77–1.93 | |||
| 14 | Sorahan[26] | 2015 | Multiple myeloma | 24 cases | 1.24 | 0.52–2.94 | |||
| Meta-analysis model | Outcome | Studies included | Meta-RR | 95% CI | I2 | Pheterogeneity | |||
| Model 1 | Multiple myeloma | 7, 11, 12a, 14 | 1.4 | 1.0–1.9 | 0.0% | 0.63 | |||
| Model 2 | Multiple myeloma | 2, 7, 11, 12a | 1.5 | 1.0–2.1 | 0.0% | 0.48 | |||
| Model 3 | Multiple myeloma | 7, 11, 12b, 14 | 1.4 | 0.9–1.9 | 0.0% | 0.58 | |||
| Model 4 | Multiple myeloma | 7, 11, 13, 14 | 1.4 | 1.0–2.0 | 0.0% | 0.66 | |||
| |
Model 5 |
Multiple myeloma |
2, 7, 11, 13 |
1.5 |
1.0–2.1 |
0.0% |
0.52 |
||
| 2 | De Roos et al.[12] | 2005 | Leukemia | 43 cases* | 1.0 | 0.5–1.9 | |||
| 16 | Brown et al.[35] | 1990 | Leukemia | 15 cases, 49 controls | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | |||
| 17 | Kaufman et al.[36] | 2009 | Leukemia | 1 case, 3 controls | 1.4 | 0.15–13.56 | |||
| Meta-analysis model | Outcome | Studies included | Meta-RR | 95% CI | I2 | Pheterogeneity | |||
| Model 1 | Leukemia | 2, 16, 17 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 | 0.0% | 0.92 | |||
*Number of exposed cases is provided for the total cohort of 54,315 subjects; the number of exposed cases in the analytic cohort of 49,211 subjects is not stated.
†
Number of exposed cases is provided for the analytic cohort of 40,719 subjects, as reported by Sorahan.[26]
CI: confidence interval; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; RR: relative risk; SLL: small lymphocytic lymphoma.