Table 1. Study Characteristics.
| Study | Watanabe et al. 2009[10] | Deo et al.2010[12] | Horio et al. 2010[7] | Alonso et al. 2011[6] | Sandhu el al. 2012[8] | Sciacqua et al. 2014[9] | Xu et al. 2015[11] |
| Design | community-based prospective study | population-based prospective study | hospital-based prospective study | population-based prospective study | population-based prospective study | population-based prospective study | community-based prospective study |
| Country | Japan | America | Japan | United States | United States | Italy | Japan |
| Population | residents ≥20 years of age | persons≥65 years of age | hypertensive patients | The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study | female health professionals in 1993 who were aged 45 years | Caucasian outpatients | the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study |
| Sample Size | 223,877 | 4321 | 1118 | 10,328 | 24,746 | 3549 | 132,250 |
| Women (%) | 68% | 59% | 48% | 57% | 100% | 48% | 68.5% |
| Average Age (y) | 60.9 | 75.1 | 63 | 62.7 | 54.6 | 60.7 | 59.3 |
| Study Period | 1996–2005 | 1992–2001 | 1997–2003 | 1996–2007 | 1993–2010 | 1998–2011 | 1994–2008 |
| Mean Follow-up (y) | 5.9 | 7.4 | 4.5 | Median 10.1 | Median 15.4 | 3.4 | 13.8 |
| CKD Diagnosis | A baseline normal value and a decline by≥10 ml/min/1.73 m2, above the normal age-related, de crease over 10 years, to<60 ml/min/1.73 m2; proteinuria (≥ 1+) | eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or the presence of proteinuria (≥ 1+) | National Kidney Foundation guidelines | eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 |
| eGFR | MDRD | MDRD | MDRD | CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation for cystatin | MDRD | CKD Epidemiology Collaboration | MDRD |
| AF Diagnosis | ECG | self-report, annual ECG, or by hospital discharge diagnosis | ECG | Hospital discharge codes and death certificates | medical chart review | ECG, hospital discharge diagnoses, and the all-clinical documentation | ECG |
| Multivariable HR (95%CI) | 1.38 (1.14–1.66) | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) | 2.18 (1.12–3.90) | 1.43 (1.19–1.71) | 1.37 (1.04–1.82) | 1.53 (1.26–1.85) | 2.07 (1.73–2.49) |
| Adjusted Confounders | age, sex, BMI, SBP, DBP, treated hypertension and diabetes | age, gender, race, diabetes, CRP, LDL, HDL, prevalent CHD, prevalent CHF, left ventricular hypertrophy, SBP, DBP, use of ACEI, β-blocker, CCB, and diuretic | age, smoking, use of diuretic, LA diameter, and LV mass index | age, sex, study site, education, height, hsCRP, BMI, SBP, prevalent cardiovascular disease, smoking, alcohol intake, and use of antihypertensive medication | age, SBP, hsCRP, BMI, exercise, assigned treatment, hypertension medication, smoking, alcohol consumption, cholesterol, postmenopausal hormone use, and diabetes | age, gender, smoking, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterole-mia, LVMI, and LAVI | age, sex, SBP, DBP, BMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, smoking, alcohol drinking, and diabetes |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; ECG, electrocardiogram; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CHF, congestive heart failure; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; CCB, calcium channel blocker; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LAVI, left atrial volume index.