Demonstration of immunoassays using a microarray-integrated optoelectrofluidic system. (a) Fluorescence results of heterogeneous immunoassay with respect to an optoelectrofluidic manner under an applied AC voltage of 15 Vpp at 10 kHz (scale bar: 200 μm, n = 9). (b) Fluorescence results of reverse phase immunoassays with three cases, including only anti-rabbit IgG loading, only anti-mouse IgG loading, and a mixture of anti-rabbit IgG and anti-mouse IgG loading. The concentration of each antibody was 20 nM (scale bar: 200 μm, n = 3).