Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of 762 hospitalized patients, Uganda, 2014
|
Characteristics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD)/median (IQR) | 34.8 (SD = 14.8, n = 762)/30 (24–42) | |||||
| Length of hospital stay (days), mean (SD)/median (IQR) | 4.9 (SD = 2.9, n = 762)/4 (3–6) | |||||
| Patient-days of observation, overall | 3741 | |||||
| Extent of antibiotic use | ||||||
| Antibiotic use, n (%) | ||||||
| yes | no | total | ||||
| Antibiotic use pre-admission | 300 (39) | 462 (61) | 762 | |||
| Antibiotic use during hospitalizationa | 603 (79) | 159 (21) | 762 | |||
| no co-trimoxazole use pre-admission | 472 (75) | 159 (25) | 631 | |||
| no in-hospital co-trimoxazole and dapsone use | 436 (73) | 159 (27) | 595 | |||
| Antibiotic use either pre-admission or during hospitalization | 629 (83) | 133 (17) | 762 | |||
| Subgroup analyses on key variables | ||||||
| Antibiotic use, n (%) | Single factor analysis | |||||
| yes | no | total (% column) | OR | 95% CI for OR | P | |
| Gender | ||||||
| male | 190 (83) | 38 (17) | 228 (30) | 1.0 | ||
| female | 413 (77) | 121 (23) | 534 (70) | 0.7 | 0.46–1.02 | 0.063 |
| Ward | ||||||
| GYN | 129 (68) | 62 (32) | 191 (25) | 1.0 | ||
| IDGI | 273 (85) | 47 (15) | 320 (42) | 2.8 | 1.81–4.30 | <0.001 |
| HNE | 88 (75) | 29 (25) | 117 (15) | 1.5 | 0.87–2.45 | 0.153 |
| CPN | 113 (84) | 21 (16) | 134 (18) | 2.6 | 1.48–4.51 | 0.001 |
| Number of working diagnoses | ||||||
| 1 | 84 (61) | 54 (39) | 138 (18) | 1.0 | ||
| 2 | 162 (78) | 46 (22) | 208 (27) | 2.3 | 1.41–3.63 | 0.001 |
| 3 | 155 (83) | 31 (17) | 186 (24) | 3.2 | 1.92–5.38 | <0.001 |
| ≥4 | 202 (88) | 28 (12) | 230 (30) | 4.6 | 2.75–7.82 | <0.001 |
| Changes to working diagnoses versus discharge diagnoses | ||||||
| 0 | 160 (68) | 77 (32) | 237 (31) | 1.0 | ||
| 1 | 291 (84) | 57 (16) | 348 (46) | 2.5 | 1.66–3.64 | <0.001 |
| ≥2 | 152 (86) | 25 (14) | 177 (23) | 2.9 | 1.77–4.84 | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay | ||||||
| <5 days | 308 (71) | 124 (29) | 432 (57) | 1.0 | ||
| ≥5 days | 295 (89) | 35 (11) | 330 (43) | 3.4 | 2.26–5.10 | <0.001 |
| HIV serostatus | ||||||
| negative | 242 (71) | 98 (29) | 340 (45) | 1.0 | ||
| positive | 221 (95) | 11 (5) | 232 (30) | 8.1 | 4.25–15.6 | <0.001 |
| unknown | 140 (74) | 50 (26) | 190 (25) | 1.1 | 0.76–1.69 | 0.537 |
| Hospitalization in previous 3 months | ||||||
| no | 419 (79) | 113 (21) | 532 (70) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 184 (80) | 46 (20) | 230 (30) | 1.1 | 0.73–1.58 | 0.699 |
| Major working diagnoses | ||||||
| respiratory tract conditions (113/130 include infections) | ||||||
| no | 479 (76) | 153 (24) | 632 (83) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 124 (95) | 6 (5) | 130 (17) | 6.6 | 2.85–15.3 | <0.001 |
| gastrointestinal tract conditions (150/193 include infections) | ||||||
| no | 431 (76) | 138 (24) | 569 (75) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 172 (89) | 21 (11) | 193 (25) | 2.6 | 1.60–4.29 | <0.001 |
| genitourinary tract conditions (81/104 include infections) | ||||||
| no | 518 (79) | 140 (21) | 658 (86) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 85 (82) | 19 (18) | 104 (14) | 1.2 | 0.71–2.06 | 0.484 |
| skin conditions | ||||||
| no | 587 (79) | 159 (21) | 746 (98) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 16 (100) | 0 (0) | 16 (2) | infinite | ||
| malaria | ||||||
| no | 502 (81) | 119 (19) | 621 (81) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 101 (72) | 40 (28) | 141 (19) | 0.6 | 0.39–0.91 | 0.016 |
| ISS or HIV/AIDSb | ||||||
| no | 456 (75) | 154 (25) | 610 (80) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 147 (97) | 5 (3) | 152 (20) | 9.9 | 3.99–24.7 | <0.001 |
| TB | ||||||
| no | 485 (76) | 155 (24) | 640 (84) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 118 (97) | 4 (3) | 122 (16) | 9.4 | 3.42–26.0 | <0.001 |
| chronic/comorbid conditions | ||||||
| no | 302 (79) | 82 (21) | 384 (50) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 301 (80) | 77 (20) | 378 (50) | 1.1 | 0.75–1.51 | 0.738 |
| miscellaneous infections | ||||||
| no | 498 (77) | 150 (23) | 648 (85) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 105 (92) | 9 (8) | 114 (15) | 3.5 | 1.74–7.11 | <0.001 |
| other conditions | ||||||
| no | 533 (79) | 143 (21) | 676 (89) | 1.0 | ||
| yes | 70 (81) | 16 (19) | 86 (11) | 1.2 | 0.66–2.08 | 0.584 |
aEighty-one percent (131/162) of patients who received co-trimoxazole during hospital stay had received it during the month preceding hospitalization. Overall, 167 patients used either co-trimoxazole (162) or dapsone (5) for prophylaxis against opportunistic infections.
bNot all HIV-positive patients had ISS.