Table 1.

Biological Activities of Curcumin Prostate Cancer Signaling Pathways

Biological Effects	Mechanism of Action	Concentration	Ref.
Curcumin inhibited the phosphorylation of downstream targets of LNCaP cells	↓Phosphorylation of GSK-3β/Akt ↓AR Expression	20 μM	79
Curcumin inhibits protein kinase B activation in DU-145 cells	↓AKT	35 μM	80
Curcumin inhibits NFKb-regulate gene products in DU-145 cells	↓Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL ↑Caspase 3 and 8, ↑Apoptosis	50 μM	81
Curcumin inhibits proliferation of LNCaP and other obstructive prostate cancer cell lines	↑Apoptosis	10–50 μM	82
Curcumin inhibits the activation of androgen and other transcription factors	↓AR gene expression ↓PSA Level ↓PSA secretion	20 μM	83
Curcumin inhibits expression of androgen receptor of LNCaP cells	↓Cell proliferation ↓PSA promoter gene	10–40 μM	84
Curcumin inhibits hypoxia and HIF1 alpha expression on PSA promoter activity	↓PSA level ↓AR protein level	10 μM	85
Curcumin inhibits ROS production and receptor expression of cancer-associated fibroblasts in prostate cancer cells	↓IL-6 receptor expression ↓CXCR4	25 μM	86
Curcumin inhibits cell viability and induce apoptosis by decrease mRNA and protein expression in prostate cancer cells	↓ID1 mRNA expression ↓Cell viability	20μM	87
Curcumin augments down-regulation of gene expression in prostate cancer cells	↓NKX3.1 ↓AR expression ↓ARE Binding activity	10,20,40 μM	89
Curcumin inhibits methylation through CpG Island of LNCaP	↓Demethylation, ↑Neurog 1, ↑HDAC 1,4 and 8 ↓HAT activity	5 μM	90
Curcumin inhibited proliferation and tumor volume of DU-145 cells	↑Apoptosis ↓MMP-9 secretion ↓MMP-2 secretion	10–100 μg/ml	91
Curcumin augments ceramide accumulation and induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells	↑Ceramide accumulation ↑p38 MAPK ↑JNK ↑Caspase 3,8, and 9 ↓GSH Level ↑DNA Fragmentation	25–100 μM	92
Curcumin, alone or in combination with radiation inhibits regulation of pro-survival factors and anti-apoptotic genes in PC-3 cells	↓Prosurvival factors ↑Procaspase-9 ↑Caspase 9 and 3	5 μM	93