Figure 2.

Distribution of post‐operative cognitive decline. Box and Whisker plots of pre to post‐operative change in RAVLT sum of trials 1‐5, a verbal memory test, as (A) raw score and (B) percent of baseline RAVLT score. Cognitive decline was defined as post‐operative decrease in performance on the RAVLT sum of trials 1–5 raw scores. Testing was administered within two weeks prior to, and approximately 1‐month post carotid surgery. Alternative forms of the RAVLT were used to minimize practice effects. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com.]