Table 3.
Serum metabolite characteristics of male rats with CKD fed a low-fiber or HAMRS2-supplemented diet
| Metabolite | CKD Low Fiber | CKD HAMRS2 | Percent Change | P Value | VIP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogenous Metabolites | |||||
| Indole-3-acetate | 185.4 ± 12.1 | 1,325 ± 122.5 | 615 | <0.0001 | 1.98 |
| Indole-3-lactate | 320.1 ± 41.2 | 752.9 ± 105.1 | 135 | 0.045 | 1.52 |
| Thymidine | 3,468 ± 80.1 | 2,797.7 ± 86.6 | −19 | <0.0001 | 1.67 |
| Cytosine | 1,106 ± 47.1 | 800.6 ± 65.1 | −28 | 0.02 | 1.37 |
| Uric acid | 1,389.8 ± 81 | 878.7 ± 50.7 | −37 | <0.0001 | 1.65 |
| Carbohydrates | |||||
| Erythritol | 1,029.8 ± 101 | 2,288.2 ± 309.8 | 122 | <0.0001 | 1.69 |
| Xylitol | 593.7 ± 58.9 | 1,157.2 ± 139.1 | 95 | 0.045 | 1.52 |
| Threonic acid | 2,234.3 ± 122.8 | 3,060.1 ± 191.3 | 37 | 0.045 | 1.30 |
| 1,5-Anhydroglucitol | 16,524.3 ± 1,147.7 | 11,231.1 ± 704.1 | −32 | 0.035 | 1.61 |
| Other metabolites | |||||
| Malic acid | 414.7 ± 26.6 | 777.1 ± 53.7 | 87 | <0.0001 | 1.68 |
| β-Hydroxybutyric acid | 8,938.1 ± 879.2 | 14,936.8 ± 1,466.2 | 67 | 0.02 | 1.44 |
| Fumaric acid | 265 ± 15.3 | 401.2 ± 29.8 | 51 | 0.02 | 1.40 |
Values are quantifier peak ion height means ± SE; n = 9 rats/group. Selected metabolites are annotated metabolites that had mean bootstrapped VIP measurements of ≥1 and significant group differeneces after FDR correction. For the sake of brevity, nonannotated metabolites are not presented but are provided in Supplementary Table S2. Group comparisons were assessed by Mann-Whitney U-tests. P values were adjusted for FDR correction. Statistical significance set at adjusted P values of ≤0.05. VIP was calculated from bootstrapped PLS-DA models derived from training data (n = 6 animals rats/group).