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Concept of hyaluronan (HA) actions after environmental lung injury. Lung injury mediates the release of short-fragment HA, which activates innate immune receptors and leads to inflammation, remodeling, hyperresponsiveness, and clinical symptoms. Bacterial biofilms develop because of defective clearance in injury and compound the clinical presentation. The perpetuation of this vicious cycle can be broken by modulating short-fragment HA signaling, e.g., with high-molecular-weight HA.
