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. 2016 Mar 2;80(2):329–350. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00060-15

TABLE 2.

Spectrum of activity and toxicity of the Vip3Aa subfamily proteins

Protein Insect species Larval instarc Assay type LC50 (ng/cm2)a Scoring time (days) Reference(s)
Vip3Aa A. ipsilon 2nd–3rd Diet incorporation <200.0 2 65
O. nubilalis 2nd–3rd Diet incorporation NA 2 65
S. frugiperda 2nd–3rd Diet incorporation <200.0 2 65
H. armigera Neonate Surface contamination 155 7 123
Helicoverpa punctigera Neonate Surface contamination 22 7 123
H. virescens Neonate Diet incorporation NI 7 123
H. zea Neonate Diet incorporation NI 7 123
A. ipsilon 1st Surface contamination 17.1 5 87
Danaus plexippus 1st Surface contamination NA 5 87
H. zea 1st Surface contamination 112.5 5 87
M. sexta 1st Surface contamination 176.3 5 87
O. nubilalis 1st Surface contamination NA 5 87
S. frugiperda 1st Surface contamination 55.9 5 87
H. armigera Neonate Diet incorporation 89 5 60, 118
A. ipsilon Neonate Diet incorporation 63 5 60, 118
S. littoralis Neonate Diet incorporation 36 5 60, 118
S. incertulas Neonate Diet incorporation 60 5 60
Vip3Aa1 A. ipsilon Neonate Diet incorporation <28 6 15
H. virescens Neonate Diet incorporation <420 6 15
H. zea Neonate Diet incorporation ≥420 6 15
O. nubilalis Neonate Diet incorporation >420 6 15
S. exigua Neonate Diet incorporation <28 6 15
S. frugiperda Neonate Diet incorporation <70 6 15
B. mori Neonate Surface contamination 1,986 7 77
H. zea Neonate Surface contamination 27.7 7 77
S. frugiperda Neonate Surface contamination 6.9 7 77
S. frugiperda Neonate Surface contamination 49.3 7 95
A. ipsilon Neonate Surface contamination 14 7 72
S. frugiperda Neonate Surface contamination 620 7 72
H. armigera Neonate Surface contamination 1,660 7 16
Lobesia botrana Neonate Diet incorporation 1.3 μg/ml 7 16
Mamestra brassicae Neonate Surface contamination 14.4 7 16
S. littoralis Neonate Surface contamination 4.0 7 16
Vip3Aa7 H. armigera Neonate Leaf dip 35.6 ng/ml 3 80
P. xylostella 3rd Diet incorporation 28.9 ng/ml 3 80
S. exigua Neonate Diet incorporation 46.1 ng/ml 7 80
P xylostella 3rd Leaf dip 4.9 3 54, 79
Vip3Aa9 A. ipsilon 1st Leaf dip 2,165 1 59
C. partellus 1st Leaf dip 8 1 59
Phthorimaea operculella 1st Leaf dip 370 1 59
P xylostella 1st Leaf dip 36 1 59
S. litura 1st Leaf dip 5 1 59
Vip3Aa10 A. ipsilon Neonate/1st Surface contamination 80.7 6 55
B. mori Neonate/1st Surface contamination NA 6 55
C. quinquefasciatus Neonate/1st In water NA 6 55
H. armigera Neonate/1st Surface contamination 325.2 6 55
P. xylostella Neonate/1st Leaf dip 220.7 6 55
S. litura Neonate/1st Surface contamination 45.4 6 55
Vip3Aa11 H. armigera 1st Diet incorporation 25.7 ng/mg 7 42
Ostrinia furnacalis 1st Diet incorporation 720 μg/ml 7 42
P. xylostella 1st Leaf dip 4.2 mg/ml 4 42
S. exigua 1st Diet incorporation 1.3 ng/mg 7 42
Vip3Aa13 H. armigera Neonate Diet incorporation 160 ng/ml 2 56
S. exigua Neonate Diet incorporation 740 ng/ml 2 56
S. litura Neonate Diet incorporation 270 ng/ml 2 56
Vip3Aa14 Earias vitella Neonate Leaf dip 794 3 49
H. armigera Neonate Leaf dip NA 3 49
Pieris brassicae Neonate Leaf dip NA 3 49
P. xylostella Neonate Leaf dip 120 3 49
S. litura Neonate Leaf dip 12 3 49
H. armigera Neonate Diet incorporation NA 3 78
P. xylostella Neonate Leaf dip NA 3 78
S. litura Neonate Leaf dip 0.1 3 78
Vip3Aa16 P. oleae 3rd Leaf dip NI 5 97
S. littoralis 1st Surface contamination 305 6 68
E. kuehniella 1st Diet incorporation 36 6 88
S. exigua Neonate Surface contamination 2,600 7 71
290 10 71
S. frugiperda Neonate Surface contamination 340 7 71
24 10 71
A. segetum 1st Surface contamination 86 6 69
Tuta absoluta 3rd Leaf dip 335 3 90
Ectomyelois ceratoniae Neonate Diet incorporation 40b 5 91
Vip3Aa19 H. armigera 1st Diet incorporation 24.1 ng/mg 7 42
O. furnacalis 1st Diet incorporation >100 μg/ml 7 42
P. xylostella 1st Leaf dip 59.8 μg/ml 4 42
S. exigua 1st Diet incorporation 1.4 ng/mg 7 42
H. virescens 1st Diet incorporation 1.35 μg/ml 7 124
P. xylostella 1st Leaf dip 2236 μg/ml 5 124
H. zea Neonate Surface contamination 500 7 109
Vip3Aa29 C. quinquefasciatus — In water NA 2 66
C. suppressalis — Diet incorporation 24.0 μg/ml 5 66
C. tepperi — In water NA 2 66
H. armigera — Diet incorporation 22.6 μg/mld 5 66
S. exigua — Diet incorporation 36.6 μg/ml 5 66
Vip3Aa43 S. albula Neonate Surface contamination 3.9 7 74
S. cosmioides Neonate Surface contamination 2.8 7 74
S. eridania Neonate Surface contamination 3.4 7 74
S. frugiperda Neonate Surface contamination 24.7 7 74
Vip3Aa45 Chrysodeixis chalcites Neonate Surface contamination 1,044.6 7 73
L. botrana Neonate Diet incorporation 1.96 μg/ml 7 73
M. brassicae Neonate Surface contamination 39.7 7 73
S. exigua Neonate Surface contamination 119.7 7 73
S. littoralis Neonate Surface contamination 18.7 7 73
Vip3Aa50 Anticarsia gemmatalis Neonate Surface contamination 20.3 7 125
S. frugiperda Neonate Surface contamination 79.6 7 125
Vip3Aa58 S. exigua Neonate Surface contamination 160 10 47
Cydia pomonella Neonate Surface contamination 2,380 10 47
Dendrolimus pini 2nd Leaf dip 23,550 10 47
Vip3Aa59 S. exigua Neonate Surface contamination 190 10 47
C. pomonella Neonate Surface contamination 2,750 10 47
D. pini 2nd Leaf dip 16,260 10 47
a

Unless otherwise stated, LC50s are given in nanograms per square centimeter and refer to the protoxin form of the proteins. NA, not active; NI, no information on the LC50 is available, although the protein was active.

b

Although the LC50 is given in nanograms per square centimeter, the bioassay was performed by using diet incorporation.

c

—, not specified.

d

The 50% inhibitory concentration is shown instead of the LC50.